Abstract
Abstract: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] represents one of the most essential crops to the world’s economy and food security due to its unique seed composition. Public soybean breeding programs in the United States played an important role in developing the genetic basis of American soybean and discovering many economically important traits. After the passage of the Plant Variety Protection Act (PVP) in 1970 and the authorization to patent living matter in 1980, private companies have dominated the market share of commercial soybean varieties and public breeding programs shifted the efforts towards basic and applied research and education of the next generation of plant breeders. The short history of soybean breeding combined with a very narrow genetic basis derived from few ancestors can only make us reflect on all the innovations yet to be unveiled and the multiple possibilities to explore the unique traits that the golden miracle bean offers.
Highlights
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], often referred to as the “golden miracle bean” due to its unique seed composition and versatile uses, represents the largest and most concentrated segment of global agricultural trade (Gale et al 2019)
Between 1941 and 1942, soybean production in the United States increased almost 80% (106 to 188 million bushels), and the country became the largest producer in the world for the first time (USDA-NASS 2020a)
In the Southern United States, 17 ancestors contributed to over 90% of the genes in cultivars adapted to this growing region, of which ancestors CNS and S-100 contributed to nearly 50% of the genetic diversity
Summary
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], often referred to as the “golden miracle bean” due to its unique seed composition and versatile uses, represents the largest and most concentrated segment of global agricultural trade (Gale et al 2019). The genetic differences between North American and Brazilian soybean cultivars are likely caused by alleles inherited from Mandarin, Richland, Harrow (PI 548298), and Mukden (PI 548391) in North American cultivars, and Roanoke, PI 60406, Arksoy (PI 548438), Haberlandt (PI 548456), and Bilomi (PI 240664) in Brazilian cultivars (Gizlice et al 1994, Wysmierski and Vello 2013) These ancestors may explain both common and unique phenotypic variance observed between North American and Brazilian soybean cultivars, including seed quality-related traits, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and overall agronomic and yield-related traits. These were used as parents to develop soybean varieties that later constituted
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