Abstract
Some students have easily recognized difficulties with addition and subtraction. Some have no trouble adding or subtracting single-digit numbers when the sums are less than ten (7 + 2, 5 + 4, etc.) but have to resort to their fingers for sums greater than ten (7 + 5, 8 + 6, etc.). Other students have no difficulty adding numbers whose sums are greater than ten, such as 7 + 5, but have difficulty determining their differences, like 12 − 7. Finally, some students have no difficulty adding 7 + 5 or 8 + 4 but cannot mentall y add 17 + 5 or 18 + 4 or recognize the connection between the sum of singledigit numbers and numbers inc reased by orders of ten. Any one or a combination of these difficulties may appear when students compute; moreover, these problems will continue to plague them, curtailing their confidence and development in mathematics and mental arithmetic.
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