The NR2B-targeted intervention alleviates the neuronal injuries at the sub-acute stage of cerebral ischemia: an exploration of stage-dependent strategy against ischemic insults.

Abstract

Stroke is reported to be the second leading cause of death worldwide, among which ischemic stroke has fourfold greater incidence than intracerebral hemorrhage. Excitotoxicity induced by NMDAR plays a central role in ischemic stroke-induced neuronal death. However, intervention targeted NMDARs against ischemic stroke has failed, which may result from the complex composition of NMDARs and the dynamic changes of their subunits. In this current study, the levels of NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDARs were observed upon different time points during the reperfusion after 1h ischemia with the western blot assay. It was found that the changes of NR1 subunit were only detected after ischemia 1h/reperfusion 1day (1d). While, the changes of NR2A and NR2B subunits may last to ischemia 1h/reperfusion 7day(7d), indicating that NR2subunits may be a potential target for ischemia-reperfusion injuries at the sub-acute stage of ischemic stroke. Simultaneously, mitochondrial injuries in neurons were investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mitochondrial dysfunction was evaluated with mitochondrial membrane proteins oxidative respiratory chain complex and OCR. When the antagonist of NMDARs was used before ischemic exposure, the neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction was alleviated, suggesting that these aberrant deviations of NMDARs from basal levels led to mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, when the antagonist of NR2B was administrated intracerebroventricularly at the sub-acute cerebral ischemia, the volume of cerebral infarct region was decreased and the neural functions were improved. To sum up, the ratio of NR2B-containing NMDARs is vital for mitochondrial homeostasis and then neuronal survival. NR2B-targeted intervention should be chosen at the sub-acute stage of cerebral ischemia.