The NOW of Time and How It Impacts Physics

Abstract

This paper introduces the present moment, the NOW as it is called, into physics. Einstein thought the NOW could not be part of physics. Newton's definition of time, which he called mathematical time has defined a measure of time, but not time. It is used in all of physics, as well as all sciences, and civilization in general. Newton recognized that time appears to flow and thought the flow of time to be a universal constant independent of external influences. The common perception of the NOW of time does flow. Most conscious beings recognize time and space are different properties of Nature. So using this common belief as a clue, we introduce a new space called time-space, which is dependent upon external effects and controls the flow of time. Time-space is a two-dimensional space with only one unit, the second, but the physics of time-space is only one-dimensional and involves a periodic internal moving object, satisfying the philosophical notion that time and motion are intimately connected. Newton's flow of time is a universal constant, but Einstein's relativity, by assuming the speed of light to be constant, showed that the rate of time does depend on external influences when compared between different moving reference frames as well as different gravitational intensities. The NOW introduced here is thought to be an abstract quantity, consistent with Einstein's vision of I-time, as well as fields in general, having one property that is measurable, the period of the abstract moving object. The rate is constant within the solar system. Therefore, no changes are necessary to any of the physical theories. However, when applied to astrophysics and cosmology the altered rate has effects. This is demonstrated by applying the NOW rate to the rotation of the Andromeda galaxy and shows the rotation to be consistent with gravitation theories. Therefore, we conclude that galaxy rotation, which is the primary evidence for dark matter, dark matter does not exist. A broader conclusion is that the foundation of physics, as defined by Newton, is not correct.