Abstract
Beginning from the premise that the universe is static, and that the cosmological redshift is due to a nonconservative tired light effect, the following examines evidence supporting the prediction that photons will progressively blueshift when transiting through the gravity wells of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters. The presence of such a nonvelocity blueshift effect is seen to make a substantial contribution to Virgo cluster galaxy spectra, sufficient to dramatically decrease the cluster’s velocity dispersion and assessed virial mass and eliminate the need to assume the presence of large quantities of dark matter. The effect is also shown to account for the Fingers-of-God effect and Kaiser pancaking effect seen when the spectra of cluster galaxies are plotted in redshift space. The opposite effect, excessive redshifting of photons passing through cosmic voids is able to explain void elongation in redshift space, and also the subnormal luminosity of void galaxies. The proposed cosmological blueshifting phenomenon also explains the downturn of the slope of the Hubble Flow in the vicinity of the Local Group which projects a negative apparent velocity for photons propagating near the Milky Way. It also offers an explanation for the blueshift of the Andromeda galaxy spectra and for Arp’s findings that the spectra of primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to their companion galaxies. These photon energy phenomena are anticipated by the physics of subquantum kinetics which predicts that photons traversing long distances through intergalactic space should undergo nonconservative tired-light redshifting, and that photons passing through gravity potential wells should undergo progressive blueshifting. The latter effect may be visualized as a negative nonvelocity Hubble constant.
Highlights
These photon energy phenomena are anticipated by the physics of subquantum kinetics which predicts that photons traversing long distances through intergalactic space should undergo nonconservative tired-light redshifting, and that photons passing through gravity potential wells should undergo progressive blueshifting
There are a number of astronomical phenomena which have currently posed a challenge to astronomy, such as the Virgo cluster blueshift, the Fingers-of-God effect, the Kaiser effect, the blueshift bias of the Local Group relative to the Hubble flow, and the observation that primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to the spectra of their companion galaxies
The same blueshifting phenomenon is found to explain the Fingers-of-God effect as well as the Kaiser pancaking effect seen when galaxy cluster spectra are plotted in redshift space
Summary
There are a number of astronomical phenomena which have currently posed a challenge to astronomy, such as the Virgo cluster blueshift, the Fingers-of-God effect, the Kaiser effect, the blueshift bias of the Local Group relative to the Hubble flow, and the observation that primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to the spectra of their companion galaxies. When the concentration of G is below its critical threshold Go, or when φg < 0, Model G instead becomes supercritical and energy potential fluctuations from the steady state spontaneously increase in amplitude In this case, the exponent in Equation (2) becomes positive, and photons traveling through regions of negative gravity potential are predicted to exponentially increase their energy with travel distance. Why this value is chosen, as opposed to other values published for H0 is described in the related paper by LaViolette [3] which notes that choosing an H0 close to this value allows the tired-light model to make a good fit to high-redshift Hubble diagram plots of supernova and gamma ray burst data in studies carried out by Marosi [14] [15] When this attenuation is expressed in terms of time rather than distance, relation (4) becomes:. It is found that a variable Hubble constant is able to explain a variety of astrophysical phenomena which for some time have been puzzling when understood from the perspective of standard cosmology
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