The nonparametric least-squares method for estimating monotone functions with interval-censored observations

Abstract

Monotone function, such as growth function and cumulative distribution function, is often a study of interest in statistical literature. In this dissertation, we propose a nonparametric least-squares method for estimating monotone functions induced from stochastic processes in which the starting time of the process is subject to interval censoring. We apply this method to estimate the mean function of tumor growth with the data from either animal experiments or tumor screening programs to investigate tumor progression. In this type of application, the tumor onset time is observed within an interval. The proposed method can also be used to estimate the cumulative distribution function of the elapsed time between two related events in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) studies, such as HIV transmission time between two partners and AIDS incubation time from HIV infection to AIDS onset. In these applications, both the initial event and the subsequent event are only known to occur within some intervals. Such data are called doubly interval-censored data. The common property of these stochastic processes is that the starting time of the process is subject to interval censoring. A unified two-step nonparametric estimation procedure is proposed for these problems. In the first step of this method, the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate (NPMLE) of the cumulative distribution function for the starting time of the stochastic process is estimated with the framework of interval-censored data. In the second step, a specially designed least-squares objective function is constructed with the above NPMLE plugged in and the nonparametric least-squares estimate (NPLSE) of the mean function of tumor growth or the cumulative distribution function of the elapsed time is obtained by minimizing the aforementioned objective function. The theory of modern empirical process is applied to prove the consistency