Abstract
This paper introduces an innovative way of heating fluid or nanofluid, using an adaptive electric heater consisting of three hollow cylindrical heating elements. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the thermal and hydraulic irreversibility caused by the flow and heating of the basic fluid and nanofluid. A non-dimensional analysis of the comparative relationship between the thermal and hydraulic irreversibility of the basic fluid and nanofluid under the same process conditions was carried out. A new nanofluid irreversibility number and modified nanofluid irreversibility number was introduced for the purpose of analyzing the comparative thermo-hydraulic effect of nanofluid in relation to the basic fluid. In this paper, it is also shown that the arrangement of the cylindrical heating elements influences the efficiency of the nanofluid used compared to the basic fluid and implies a justified and recommended nanofluid ratio.
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