The NH2-terminal Region of Apolipoprotein B Is Sufficient for Lipoprotein Association with Glycosaminoglycans

Ira J Goldberg,William D Wagner,Ling Pang,Latha Paka,Linda K Curtiss,Jeanine A Delozier,Gregory S Shelness,C.S.H Young,Sivaram Pillarisetti

doi:10.1074/jbc.273.52.35355

Abstract

An initial event in atherosclerosis is the retention of lipoproteins within the intima of the vessel wall. The co-localization of apolipoprotein (apo) B and proteoglycans within lesions has suggested that retention is due to lipoprotein interaction with these highly electronegative glycoconjugates. Both apoB100- and apoB48-containing lipoproteins, i.e. low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and chylomicron remnants, are atherogenic. This suggests that retention is due to determinants in the initial 48% of apoB. To test this, the interaction of an apoB fragment (apoB17), and apoB48- and apoB100- containing lipoproteins with heparin, subendothelial matrix, and artery wall purified proteoglycans was studied. ApoB100-containing LDL from humans and human apoB transgenic mice and apoB48-containing LDLs from apoE knockout mice were used. Despite the lack of the carboxyl-terminal 52% of apoB, the apoB48-LDL bound to heparin-affinity gel as well as did apoB100-LDL. An NH2-terminal fragment containing 17% of full-length apoB was made using a recombinant adenovirus; apoB17 bound to heparin as well as did LDL. Monoclonal antibodies against the NH2-terminal region of apoB decreased apoB100 LDL binding to heparin, whereas antibodies against the LDL receptor-binding region did not alter LDL-heparin interaction. The role of the NH2-terminal region of apoB in LDL interaction with matrix molecules was also assessed. Media containing apoB17 decreased LDL binding to subendothelial matrix by 42%. Moreover, removal of the apoB17 by immunoprecipitation abrogated the inhibitory effect of these media. Antibodies to the NH2-terminal region decreased LDL binding to matrix and dermatan sulfate proteoglycans. Purified apoB17 effectively competed for binding of LDL to artery derived decorin and to subendothelial matrix. Thus, despite the presence of multiple basic amino acids near the LDL receptor-binding domain of LDL, the NH2-terminal region of apoB is sufficient for the interaction of lipoproteins with glycoconjugates produced by endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The presence of a proteoglycan-binding site in the NH2-terminal region of apoB may explain why apoB48- and apoB100-containing lipoproteins are equally atherogenic.

Highlights

The hallmark of the atherosclerotic process, and the characteristic that distinguishes it from other inflammatory processes, is the presence of both intra- and extracellular lipid deposits [1]
low density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerotic lesions are found in regions that are enriched in proteoglycans [9, 10], molecules that contain highly electronegative glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Using heparin binding as a model for how LDL interacts with vessel wall proteoglycans, the prevailing view has been that heparin-binding regions of LDL that are predom

Summary

Introduction

The hallmark of the atherosclerotic process, and the characteristic that distinguishes it from other inflammatory processes, is the presence of both intra- and extracellular lipid deposits [1]. Mice have been produced that have elevated blood concentrations of apoB100- or apoB48-lipoproteins, and increased plasma levels of either of these particles leads to atherosclerosis development [4, 5]. At least two processes can lead to increased LDL in atherosclerosis-prone regions These regions could be more permeable to lipoproteins, or components of the artery wall could prevent egress of LDL after crossing the endothelial barrier. ApoB Association with Glycosaminoglycans inantly found near the carboxyl-terminal region of apoB are responsible for LDL retention within arteries [15] This is because small peptides from this region contain multiple basic amino acids and bind more tightly to GAG than peptides from other regions of LDL [15,16,17,18]. NTAB is required for the initiation of assembly of apoB-containing lipoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum [23, 24]

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Conclusion