Abstract
Introduction: Currently, an estimated two thirds of the world population is water insufficient. As of 2015, one out of every five people in developing countries do not have access to clean sufficient drinking water. In an attempt to share the limited resource, water has been distributed at irregular intervals in cities in developing countries. Residents in these cities seek alternative water sources to supplement the inadequate water supplied. Some of these alternative sources of water are unsafe for human consumption, leading to an increased risk in water-borne diseases. Africa contributes to 53% of the diarrheal cases reported globally, with contaminated drinking water being the main source of transmission. Water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus are a major public health concern. The main objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence to understand the sources of water among residents in cities in Africa and the relationship between clean water sufficiency and water-borne diseases in urban Africa. Methods and analysis: The search strategy will identify studies published in scientific journals and reports that are directly relevant to African cities that have a population of more than half a million residents as of 2014 AND studies on the ten emerging water-borne diseases, which are diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus. Ethics and dissemination: This scoping review did not require any formal ethical approval. The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Highlights
An estimated two thirds of the world population is water insufficient
In an attempt to share the limited resource, water has been distributed in cities in developing countries at irregular intervals[9]
To cope with the irregular supply, residents in the cities have responded to these challenges by seeking alternative sources of water, some of which are unsafe for human consumption, leading to an increased risk of water-borne diseases[10,11]
Summary
By 2050, the population in sub-Saharan Africa is projected to double, with cities experiencing an annual growth rate of more than 4%1. The main objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence to understand the sources of water among residents in cities in Africa and the relationship between clean water sufficiency and water-borne diseases in urban Africa. Inclusion criteria We will include the following types of papers: 1) Studies describing the water sufficiency or water situation in cities (urban areas with greater than half a million residents) in the African Union member states. 2) Studies conducted in other continents other than the member states of the African Union This scoping review will identify the knowledge gaps and areas that need further research and contribute towards informing policies that help Africa achieve one of its Agenda 2063 aspirations on urban populations with adequate basic necessities[16]. Variable 1 Authors 2 Publication type 3 Title of the article 4 Year of publication 5 Geographical scope of the study 6 Study type 7 Duration of the study (if applicable) 8 Rate of urbanization 9 Water demand / supply Water sufficiency Water-borne diseases
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