Abstract
Introduction: Currently, an estimated two thirds of the world population is water insufficient. As of 2015, one out of every five people in developing countries do not have access to clean sufficient drinking water. In an attempt to share the limited resource, water has been distributed at irregular intervals in cities in developing countries. Residents in these cities seek alternative water sources to supplement the inadequate water supplied. Some of these alternative sources of water are unsafe for human consumption, leading to an increased risk in water-borne diseases. Africa contributes to 53% of the diarrheal cases reported globally, with contaminated drinking water being the main source of transmission. Water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus are a major public health concern. The main objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence to understand the sources of water among residents in cities in Africa and the relationship between clean water sufficiency and water-borne diseases in urban Africa. Methods and analysis: The search strategy will identify studies published in scientific journals and reports that are directly relevant to African cities that have a population of more than half a million residents as of 2014 AND studies on the ten emerging water-borne diseases, which are diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus. Ethics and dissemination: This scoping review did not require any formal ethical approval. The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Highlights
An estimated two thirds of the world population is water insufficient
Any further responses from the reviewers can be found at the end of the article Introduction Urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is growing at 4% annually, with the population living in urban areas projected to double by 20501
We have found no review focused on urban areas in Africa and the implications of water-borne diseases as a result of intermittent piped water in this region
Summary
Search strategy Comprehensive literature searches will be undertaken in Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. These four databases have been identified as the optimal combination of databases that will guarantee adequate coverage of studies for this scoping review[28]. Study selection Once the searches have been undertaken in the databases, the title and abstracts will be extracted from the articles. During the initial screening process, three reviewers will read the abstracts of the studies captured by the search terms and assess their relevance in light of the inclusion criteria. Outcome “water borne” OR “water-borne” OR cholera OR typhoid OR diarrhea* OR diarrhoea OR amoebiasis OR dysentery OR gastroenteritis OR cryptosporidi* OR cyclosporiasis OR giardiasis OR rotavirus
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