Abstract
Mineral base oil, a product of multistep fine refining of the relevant fractions from vacuum distillation of crude oil, is a main component of so-called mineral lubricating oils containing aliphatic and alicyclic substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e., derivatives of benzene and biphenyl. Mineral lubricating oil is composed mostly of mineral base oil and a low amount of enriching additives, most often products of advanced organic chemical technology. The application of mineral lubricating oils in open cutting systems has a very negative impact on environment and on the operator’s health. This work presents a simple, cheap and fast methodology allows identification of the group-type composition of base oil in lubricating oil and to estimate the content or total absence of base oil of mineral and vegetable origin in lubricating oil. The first step of the test is an in-situ screening for fluorescence of petroleum fraction under the 365 nm light. The next is the performance of infrared spectra with Fourier transformation (FT-MIR) to identify and estimate the content of vegetable oil and its derivatives and the performance of UV-Vis spectra to identify and determine the content of aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as dyes present in the lubricating oil. The last stage is normal phase thin layer chromatography (NP-TLC) using different visualization methods to evaluate the group-type composition of lubricating oil. Effectivity of the developed procedure has been confirmed during control of group-type composition evaluation of lubricating oils in cutting systems. The procedure can be also applied with respect to different oil matrices.
Highlights
Lubricating oils are specialized and complex mixtures of base oil (>90%) and a package of enriching additives [1,2]
The intensity and the color of the drops depends on the group-type composition of the tested sample, especially on the origin of the base oil
In the case of oils derived from petroleum, there is a clear light blue fluorescence caused by the presence of aromatic, aliphatic and/or alicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Summary
Lubricating oils are specialized and complex mixtures of base oil (>90%) and a package of enriching additives [1,2]. Base oils can be classified as oils derived from petroleum (i.e., mineral base oils), synthetic, semi-synthetic (base oil in part “mineral” and in part “synthetic”) and natural origin oils (mainly vegetable oils or animal fats) [1]. Mineral base oil is a product of refining of relevant fractions from vacuum distillation of crude oil. Lubricating oils are composed of base oil and certain refining additives. Mineral lubricating oil is a lubricating oil composed of mineral base oil and additives, often in a few percent. Enriching additives are most often products of advanced organic chemical technology. It is worth emphasizing that lubricating oil composition is a trade secret, both in terms of base oil and enriching additives in final product
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