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Abstract
Obesity is characterized by excessive accumulation of fat in the body, which is triggered by a body energy intake larger than body energy consumption. Due to complications such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), obstructive pneumonia and arthritis, as well as high mortality, morbidity and economic cost, obesity has become a major health problem. The global prevalence of obesity, and its comorbidities is escalating at alarming rates, demanding the development of additional classes of therapeutics to reduce the burden of disease further. As a central energy sensor, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has recently been elucidated to play a paramount role in fat synthesis and catabolism, especially in regulating the energy expenditure of brown/beige adipose tissue and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). This review discussed the role of AMPK in fat metabolism in adipose tissue, emphasizing its role in the energy expenditure of brown/beige adipose tissue and browning of WAT. A deeper understanding of the role of AMPK in regulating fat metabolism and energy expenditure can provide new insights into obesity research and treatment.
Highlights
In order to clarify the role of AMPK in adipose tissue, especially in regulating energy expenditure of brown/beige adipose tissue and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), we summarize the recent studies of AMPK on fat catabolism, anabolism, and WAT browning process
AMPK is present in all tissues as αβγ heterotrimer, which is regulated by multiple genes encoding each of the subunits (α1, α2, β1, β2, γ1, γ2, γ3) with differential tissuespecific expression and activity
There is clear and compelling evidence that AMPK plays an important role in regulating adipose tissue metabolism, especially in regulating the energy expenditure of brown adipose tissue and beige adipose tissue
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Considering the beneficial effects of BAT occurrence, remodeling white fat into thermogenesis-able beige fat has been considered as an attractive and promising therapeutics for the treatment of obesity and its related metabolic diseases. The compromised cellular energy status results in an increase in the proportion of cellular AMP: ATP, and AMP or ADP, can bind to the CBS1 or CBS3 of the γ subunit, resulting in conformational change that activates AMPK via phosphorylation of the Thr172 site in the α subunit [25]. In order to clarify the role of AMPK in adipose tissue, especially in regulating energy expenditure of brown/beige adipose tissue and browning of WAT, we summarize the recent studies of AMPK on fat catabolism, anabolism, and WAT browning process. Future considerations for studies examining the role of AMPK in fat metabolism and obesity are highlighted
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