The new national energy concept 2015 - The future of brown coal in the Czech Republic

The overriding weakness of the present U.S. energy policy debate is that it focuses too heavily on short-term considerations. The real problems we face are long-term problems, and energy policies must be shaped accordingly. In the long-term perspective, the objectives cited by President Carter in his 1977 national energy plan are valid objectives. They speak to these major plan are valid objectives. They speak to these major points: We must make sacrifices in conserving energy points: We must make sacrifices in conserving energy … Yet healthy economic growth must continue…Energy prices must reflect true replacement costs… prices must reflect true replacement costs… Government policies must be predictable and certain… And we must start now to develop the new and unconventional energy resources that will be vitally needed before the next century damns. The trouble is that we have not yet framed the means for reaching those goals. Those proposed by the President and debated by Congress focus on mandatory conservation, more government control, and new energy taxes. As reflected in the National Energy Policy Act of 1978, those approaches result in substantially more regulation but do little to promote development of our domestic energy resources. promote development of our domestic energy resources. To strengthen our nation's energy position, we need to develop policies for the future that are responsive to the realities of the problem we face. To do so, I suggest that energy policies should be shaped within the parameters of six major considerations. First is the recognition that our primary goal is fueling the energy needs of the U.S. economy as efficiently as possible, so as to maintain a healthy and competitive economy. This goal has a number of implications. We must develop our domestic energy resources in a planned and systematic way. But we must avoid investing huge amounts of scarce capital in massive development of new forms of energy that are not now economic. The reality is that we must continue to use large amounts of foreign oil. And we must expand exports to compensate for these imports. Second, we must recognize the essentiality of getting to work on energy development now. In the short term, this means accelerating the development of present fuels such as oil and natural gas. Longer range, it means preparing now for that point in the future—1990, 2000, or whenever—when we face the potential for real energy shortage. This requires a potential for real energy shortage. This requires a heavier focus on research and technology development for new energy sources such as synthetic fuels and solar, which are not now economic. Many years of lead time will be required to bring these sources into commercial production—to have supplies available when they will be vitally needed. Third, we must give up the notion that we can deal with energy problems through the political quick-fix. There are no quick-fixes—political or otherwise—that will get us more domestic energy. Government rules are not an effective substitute for the multitude of decisions that are made daily in the market place. Distortions arising from price controls are a case in point. In future energy policy decisions we must begin to dismantle the policy decisions we must begin to dismantle the framework of counter productive regulation that has been erected around the energy business. Fourth, our future energy policies must be framed in recognition of the fact that energy costs must rise. In the long-term perspective, there is no way that we will get the energy we need without paying the real costs. Those who say otherwise are paying the real costs. Those who say otherwise are cruelly misleading consumers and recklessly courting more severe energy supply problems. In fact, current efforts to hold energy prices down are costing us dearly. It has been estimated that price controls could be responsible for adding up to 3 million bbl daily in additional demand and suppressing up to 2 million bbl daily of additional production. Price controls must be phased out in production. Price controls must be phased out in accordance with the provisions of existing law. Fifth, we must recognize the growing interdependence of the nations of the world in relation to energy. It is highly unrealistic for us to think in terms of energy independence, or to shape energy policies that are designed primarily to reduce oil policies that are designed primarily to reduce oil imports.

Coal reserved in Czech Republic are estimated to be 10 billion tones – bituminous coal about 37%, brown coal about 60% and lignite 3%. Bituminous coal is produced in Northern Moravia – in 2017 production of bituminous coal was 5.5 milion tons. Brown coal is mined in Nord-Wester Bohemia − production of brown coal in 2017 was 38.1 milion tons. Significant quantities of bituminous coal are exported to Slovakia, Austria, Germany and Hungary. In accordance with the National Energy Policy, coal will remain the main source of energy in the country in the future, despite the increased use of nuclear energy and natural gas. The government expects that in 2030 energy from coal will account for 30.5% of energy produced. There are five coal companies in the Czech Republic: OKD, a.s., the only bituminous coal producer and four brown coal mining companies: Severočeské doly a.s., owned by ČEZ, the largest producer of brown coal, Vršanská uhelná a.s., with coal resources until 2055, Severní energetická a.s. with the largest brown coal reserves in the Czech Republic and Sokolovska uhelná a.s., the smallest mining company extracting lignite. OKD operates coal in two mines Důlní závod 1 – (consists of three mines: ČSA Mine, Lazy Mine, Darkov Mine) and Mine Důlní závod 2 (two mines Sever, Jih). The article also presents a pro-ecological solution for the management of waste heaps after coal enrichment - a plant for the enrichment of coal waste from the Heřmanice heap.

Energy resources are one of the most important inputs that feed technology to lead the progress and development of countries. Various studies show that domestic resources not only reduce foreign dependency but also make the country more energy-efficient in terms of economic and social perspectives. This chapter discusses Turkey’s strategies based on energy resources and focused on the domestic energy resources in Turkey despite the increasing energy demand due to urbanization, increased population, and structural changes in the country. Turkey’s dependency on energy resources has been increasing and strategies to ensure the energy efficiency of Turkey are highlighted. Turkey can reduce its dependence on foreign sources while increasing its energy supply security by increasing its resource diversity in the coming years, and it is necessary to evaluate its high renewable energy (wind, solar, biomass, hydraulic) potential.

Today, despite political acrimony on many domestic issues, both political parties and the majority of the American public seem to agree that the country should find new, domestic sources of energy. When looking for potential domestic energy resources, Indian country stands out as ideal territory for various types of energy development, as “[t]he Bureau of Indian Affairs estimates that while Indian land comprises only five percent of the land area in the United States, it contains an estimated ten percent of all energy resources in the United States.” In addition to traditional energy resources, Indian country also has substantial potential to provide alternative energy resources. Recognizing the potential key role that tribes will play in the development of the country’s domestic energy resources, Congress and federal agencies recognize that tribes should be included in future plans to develop energy resources. Moreover, many tribes are also interested in energy development to potentially promote tribal sovereignty and self-determination when it can be done in a manner that is consistent with tribal customs and traditions.Recognizing the many potential benefits of increased energy development in Indian country, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 includes a provision designed to spur energy development in Indian country, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements (TERAs). Assuming a federally-recognized tribe can meet the numerous established criteria, the tribe may enter into a TERA with the Secretary of Interior. Once a TERA exists, the tribe is responsible for managing energy development within its territory. Additionally, TERAs allow tribes to avoid some federal requirements, such as project compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (although the tribe must put an environmental assessment program into place before a TERA will be approved). Despite these incentives, no tribe to date has entered into a TERA. The article explores the reasons for the lack of tribal interest in TERAs. In particular, the article focuses on the provision that waives federal liability once a tribe has entered into a TERA. The article concludes that this waiver of federal liability is a significant contributor to the lack of tribal interest in TERA provisions. Because the article assumes that energy development in Indian country is beneficial to both tribal governments and the federal government and the TERA provisions should, therefore, be reformed to spur tribal interest, the article proposes potential solutions or TERA reforms that would likely lead to increased tribal interest. The proposed reforms include re-establishing federal liability under TERA agreements, or, in the alternative, removing all federal requirements placed upon the tribes through the TERA provisions in order to allow tribes to exercise true sovereignty. The article ultimately concludes that any one of the proposed revisions should spur tribal interest in the TERA provisions.

Fuels to produce energy are vital to all residents of the United States. Although there are no present apparent shortages of fossil fuels, consideration of the long-term energy needs of the nation leads to the conclusion that fuels, from supplementary sources may soon begin to enter into the domestic energy mix. The present impetus of oil shale research and development and recent announcements by Secretary of the Interior Stuart Udall pertaining to the management of ail shale lands tend to support earlier predictions of the U. S. Bureau of Mines that there will be commercial production of shale oil within the next 10 years. It is probable that liquid and gaseous fuels from coal will begin to enter the market simultaneously with, or not much later than, shale oil. The limited knowledge of the total resources of domestic tar sand does not permit good predictions of when fuels from tar sands will become commercially significant. Introduction Whether we have occasion to think of it or not, an adequate and economic supply of energy fuels is vital to each of us. It is interesting to look ahead at the way in which fuels from supplementary sources will begin to enter into the energy mix to help meet the long-term national energy needs. From 1947 to 1965, the average annual rate of growth of energy consumption was 2.7 percent, with total energy demand in 1965 being equivalent to 54 quadrillion Btu's. During this short period of 18 years, the cumulative output of coal in the U.S. was 9.6 billion tons; natural gas, 193.5 trillion cu ft; and crude oil, 45.9 billion bbl. During the next decade and a half the nation's energy requirements are expected to grow at an average rate of 3.3 percent yearly, with consumption of energy expected to reach an annual rate of about 88 quadrillion Btu's by 1980, or 63 percent over the 1965 level. There is no doubt of the ability of the U. S. to meet this vast expansion in energy demand. Through technology, we have evolved the means of responding to cost and demand changes in our energy industries-either by effecting cost reductions and savings in the production of existing resources, or by introducing new and lower-cost substitutes or supplemental sources. The problems with which we are mainly concerned are the future mix of energy resources and what the demands will be that are made on particular energy industries to supply these needs. Much of the demand for energy resources - is generated by changing conditions in the energy markets and the various forms that primary energy resources are required to assume in these markets. Closely related to our concern with the composition of the future energy mix is whether technological changes will continue to overcome the effects of cost-increasing forces that are plaguing, to an increasing degree, some of our key fossil fuel industries. Method of Projection For purposes of planning and programming, USBM has projected the energy-resource mix for the period 1966-1980. For these projections we used the simplified assumptions that there would be an adequate supply of all domestic energy resources to meet projected demand at constant costs or lower, and that the net trade in energy resources during the forecast period would remain in the same relation to demand as it was in 1965. Under these assumptions we have projected the cumulative output of coal for 1966–1980 at 10.6 billion tons, that of natural gas at 294 trillion cu ft and that of crude petroleum at 56 billion bbl. There is little doubt concerning the ability of the coal industry to meet the projected demand for coal over the next 15 years since coal reserves should be ample for the foreseeable future. However, the projections of demand and supply for coal are beset with uncertainties. These stem from the rapidly emerging nuclear power industry and from such probable contingencies as the imposition of restrictions on the sulfur content of coal and residual fuel oil under future environmental pollution-control programs. The future supply problems of the oil and gas industries in meeting projected demands are currently under study by the Dept. of the Interior. As Secretary Udall indicated in his speech before the National Petroleum Council in March, 1966, there are three possible avenues of approach: added discoveries of new deposits of oil and gas, additional recovery from known deposits and development of alternative fuels. Because of the existing end-use patterns of consumption of petroleum products and natural gas, the choice of substitute energy resources for these fossil fuels offers a limited range of possibilities. Petroleum products, approximately 90 percent of which are consumed in transportation, are not readily replaced by other energy sources or energy forms. JPT P. 1329ˆ

Rapid increases in development of both renewable and traditional hydrocarbon energy resources seem certain and will probably affect up to 20 percent of the major terrestrial ecosystems in the western United States ( chap.2; McDonald et al.2009). Growing concerns over the potential social and biological impacts of climate change, with related calls to reduce carbon emissions, have intensified demands to develop renewable energy resources (Brooke2008). Nevertheless, fossil fuels will continue as a primary source of energy, with ramifications for the western United States, where a substantial portion of domestic onshore hydrocarbon resources are found ( chap.2). Exploitation of a wider portion of our domestic energy resources will increase the likelihood of conflicts between energy development and conservation and necessitate more proactive approaches to environmental mitigation ( chap.9).

Using the integrated assessment model TIAM-ECN, we analyze how Madagascar's nationally determined contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement can be implemented in both the energy and non-energy sectors. We explore how the country's national climate goal for 2030 can be reached under two different cost levels for climate change mitigation through land-use change. We find that land use is the main sector in which large greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions must be achieved, but there are opportunities to also exploit the country's abundant domestic low-carbon energy resources. We explore the options for such a transformation of Madagascar's energy system, which today largely relies on the use of biomass. If GHG emissions reduction in land use is hard or too costly to implement, e.g. as a result of land property rights or forest logging practices, total final energy use needs to be almost entirely renewable by 2050. The power sector needs to rely on 100% renewables already by 2030. In our scenario runs, biomass, hydropower, solar and wind energy account for the vast majority of electricity generation in Madagascar from 2030 onwards. Electrification is introduced in the residential sector – notably for cooking. Cumulative additional undiscounted investment requirements may be as high as US$ 8 billion up to 2050. Key policy insights Madagascar could reach its 14% GHG emission reduction target relative to 2030 business-as-usual levels through the land use sector only. However, given the potential higher mitigation costs in land use and its links with the energy system, overlooking mitigation options in the energy sector could be a missed opportunity to exploit abundant domestic low-carbon energy resources. Biomass may well remain the most important energy resource in Madagascar until 2050, mainly driven by residential cooking demand. Solid biomass stoves with efficient combustion should be promoted hand-in-hand with alternative fuels, e.g. electricity and bioethanol. Promoting GHG mitigation in both AFOLU and energy sectors maximizes co-benefits, which enables achieving a higher number of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Providing electricity for household services is an important part of climate change mitigation. Investments in power distribution infrastructure and decentralized electricity generation are needed to achieve electrification of rural households.

Indonesia has abundant coal resources and is a well-known mining sector as a producer and exporter of coal. Even though Indonesia has adequate coal reserves, the ever-increasing energy needs pose challenges in meeting domestic and export needs. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the potential of coal resources and reserves in Indonesia, their utilization in the electricity sector, and find solutions for sustainable use of non-renewable energy. This research uses the method of literature study or literature search. The data sources used are accredited academic journals and related publications, as well as secondary data from the Geological Agency of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources [ESDM] and Recapitulation of Coal Reserve Balance in Indonesia. The results of this study classify coal resources and reserves based on SNI 5015 - 2019 classification. There are several categories, such as inferred coal resources, indicated coal resources, measured coal resources, probable coal reserves, and proven coal reserves. Geologically, economically valuable coal deposits are found in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Coal quality can be classified based on calorific value, such as low, medium, high, and very high calories. With a better understanding of available coal resources, it is hoped that sustainable solutions for future energy needs will be developed.

In listing “Certain Considerations Affecting the World Oil Market”, more accurate predictions of GNP growth rates are the crucial need without which forecasts are bound to be proven wrong. Yet the difficulties in improving upon GNP estimates are found in OECD member states — whose ability to project on the basis of better data collection is greater and more important than those of the developing world. Demand data of the OECD is subject also to continuing revisions although the International Energy Agency is improving upon its timely collecting and analysis of what is also crucial to projections of oil market requirements. But supply data — mainly from OPEC members — has become notoriously weak and untrustworthy, greatly complicating the task of how much supply, from where, is actually in the market. If the challenge peculiar to OPEC is to stimulate demand for oil and the ability to do so with reasonable price targets, then the world is steadily becoming more aware of the fact that vital decisions in supply are made by Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and (to a lesser extent) Iran. A few other producers contribute but the fundamental question is whether Saudi Arabia and Iraq will cooperate on a durable basis to affect the level of oil in international trade and therefore its price. Can they work together? The author believes not. There are too many other political and security interests between them — oil is not their only concern. Given the strategic importance of Saudi and Iraqi oil, is there a sufficient role for other OPEC members to accept domination by these two producers? Probably not. It will continue to be very difficult for the cartel to maintain discipline. Important also is the question as to whether non-OPEC sources have probably reached a plateau and will now decline. This view is widely discussed with the assumption that OPEC's key producers will become evermore important. Will the application of further investments and new technology in exploration and production regain a role for other and new suppliers? Yes. Non-OPEC sources are not at a “dead end”. Moreover, oil importing governments will renew their efforts to sponsor investment into domestic energy resources. Key to their efforts has to be acceptance of the point that foreign (OPEC-Gulf members) price-setters must not be able to determine whether domestic resources will or will not be developed as a consequence of the OPEC price. Today, an oil importing country setting its domestic price at $25/barrel could exploit virtually any of its energy assets. But one difficulty confronting the private sector is the notorious tendency of governments to change with new regimes upsetting what had become energy policy. Finally, oil markets and governments have now to reckon the impact of environmental pressures on alternate fuels. So important are these environmental pressures that in many countries national energy policy may be defined increasingly in environmental terms rather than in more traditional economic and security considerations.

Energy resources in a third world microstate: St. Lucia household energy survey

The current requirements put on the Member States of the European Union (“EU”) in the area of sustainability and climate-neutral economy through strategic visions such as “Agenda 2030” or “A Clean planet for all” demonstrate the increasing need for quick identification of the changes required in the use of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources. Forests are a particular specific area of such changes. They represent a part of the ecosystem that is important for society from the economic, social, and environmental perspectives. Current climate changes have had a negative effect on the state of forestry in the Czech Republic and have raised many questions of how to ensure its sustainability. Besides the changes in forestry, the situation has also affected the sector primarily depending on the production function of forests and whose coexistence is conditioned. Taking specific sectors as examples, the article presents some prospects that could result in more efficient use of resources and defines potential synergic effects. Analyses of primary and secondary information sources were used to create preferential models (the term “preferential” in the context of the article represents opportunities through which it is possible to achieve an improvement in competitiveness and market advantage over the current model of wood processing and timber trade in the Czech Republic. The model works with potential perspectives and respects the challenges in the field of sustainable development) of timber and wood raw material production and processing and preferential and of economic efficiency (the term “efficiency” in the article represents the technical efficiency of the use of resources to achieve maximum economic benefit and added value. The aim is to increase the economic potential of individual sectors of primary and secondary processing in relation to timber sources) of woodworking businesses. The production model indicates that the energy use of wood, the expansion of the production mix in construction, the use of biomass and digestate in agroforestry, and the logging waste recovery are the most prospective sectors. The model presenting preferential areas in the woodworking industry development with respect to sustainability identified the need to increase associated production and material efficiency in construction and energy sectors, as well as insufficient activity of the sectors associated with technological innovations, FSC and PEFC certification prospects, bioeconomy and circular economy, a considerable need for wage growth in the sector and increased use of the existing production capacities by both domestic and foreign sales.

Holistic and scientific approach to the development of sustainable energy policy framework for energy security in Pakistan

Dams a facility that stores water in the and uses water in a sustainable way. The high use of imported energy resources, which is composed entirely of fossil fuels and which has negative impacts in terms of economic and political aspects, clearly shows that the use and potential of domestic and renewable energy resources is inevitable. Increasing the domestic and renewable primary energy source of hydroelectric energy production to the highest values is only possible with the development of the right tank management policies. Dams also had been built to produce motive power and electricity since the industrial revolution. Development priorities changed, experience accumulated with the construction and operation of dams. Although the importance of water is well known in the human life and civilization around the world, still various groups argue that expected economic benefits are not being produced and that major environmental, economic and social costs are not being taken into account

Using indicator-based assessment, this study examines the energy security of nine Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries to see how it has evolved over the past 12 years and identifies a country-specific energy security context for each country. The assessment uses 42 energy security indicators, which can be separated into five components: overall energy balance, socio-economic aspect, domestic energy resources, overseas energy demands and resources, and diversification of energy supply. The findings show different energy security situations among ASEAN member nations that are a result of national energy contexts, specifically uneven economic and energy infrastructure developments. The context, at a national level, affects the connotation of energy security and the interpretation of the indicators, which reflects different primary issues of concern regarding energy security. At the international level, due to the diversity, the interconnection of intra-regional energy markets could contribute to energy self-reliance of the region. Adversely, the difference could hinder the prospect of cooperation due to the lack of consensus on shared value.

Referee: Dr. J. Grant McLeod, Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030 Swift Current, Saskatchewan S9H 3X2, CanadaAccording to the European Union, biomass will play a major role in the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable resources. Biomass will contribute 83% to the increased use of renewable resources by the year 2010. In contrast to other solar energy sources, plant biomass is always available and can be converted into energy continuously.An important objective in the production of energy crops on arable farm land should be to realize a high net energy yield and fulfill obligations in the field of environmental protection. The “double cropping system” was developed to meet these obligations. Silaging as a conservation method for wet biomass makes this sustainable cultivation system possible. It includes a diverse array of crops and provides the opportunity to integrate rural organic wastes into this energy concept.The model presented, “the energy self supplying farm”, shows that it is possible to meet the energy consumption requirements of a livestock farming operation with energy crop production on 10 to 18% of the arable farm land. According to a new rape energy concept, a land resource requirement of roughly 10% is feasible if biomass residues from rape oil production for liquid fuels are also utilized for energy production.For a farm with livestock, anaerobic digestion technology is an appropriate technique to deliver heat and electricity for the farmstead. Digestion residues, used as fertilizer in energy crop production, results in an almost complete nutrient recycling. Energy output can be increased above the demand of the farm via the biogas reactor, using the total biomass produced with double cropping. Surplus electricity is supplied to the grid at a guaranteed price.Biomass is a domestic energy resource, and farmers have the chance to extend their function from a supplier of raw material to managers of domestic energy resources. Under the currently established framework, monetary return per hectare could be more than double with biomass energy production via biogas.This will allow the agricultural economy to recover and promote a sustainable regional development. In addition to being a convenient method of waste management, sustainable energy crop production can make a significant contribution to environmental protection and the improvement of the social and economic cohesion within a community.