Abstract
The solid-state ion-selective electrodes presented here are based on the FePO4:Ag2S:polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) = 1:1:2 with an addition of (0.25–1)% microwave-synthesized hematite (α-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), boehmite [γ-AlO(OH)], and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) in order to establish ideal membrane composition for iron(III) cations determination. Synthesized NPs are characterized with Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The iron oxides NPs, more specifically, magnetite and hematite, showed a more positive effect on the sensing properties than boehmite and alumina NPs. The hematite NPs had the most significant effect on the linear range for the determination of ferric cations. The membrane containing 0.25% hematite NPs showed a slope of −19.75 mV per decade in the linear range from 1.2∙10−6 to 10−2 mol L−1, with a correlation factor of 0.9925. The recoveries for the determination of ferric cations in standard solutions were 99.4, 106.7, 93.6, and 101.1% for different concentrations.
Highlights
We investigate which type of NPs is the best suited to improve the detection properties of the ion-selective electrode for iron(III) cations
1630 cm−1 indicates the presence of adsorbed water [41]
As reported in previous work, membranes with only three main components; FePO4, Ag2 S, and PTFE showed a smaller linear range for ferric cations determination in regard to membranes enriched with specific NPs types
Summary
The electroanalytical methods, with emphasis on ion-selective electrodes, are one of the most rapidly developing detection methods due to the wide range of applications and meet the requirements of sensitivity, selectivity, small size, ease of use, portability, timeliness, and low cost. Ion-selective electrodes can determine the exact concentration of the analyte over a wide concentration range, allowing the use of a single method to determine the analyte in a variety range of samples without pretreatment of the sample matrix [1,2]. Nanotechnology, i.e., the synthesis and usage of nanomaterials such as nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, nanorods, NPs, nanocomposites, and other nanostructures, has recently emerged as one of the most exciting and rapidly developing areas of analytical and electroanalytical chemistry. Especially NPs with different properties, have found a wide application in many types of electrochemical sensors [3,4]
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