Abstract
Within the field of tissue engineering, natural tissues are reconstructed by combining growth factors, stem cells, and different biomaterials to serve as a scaffold for novel tissue growth. As adequate vascularization and innervation are essential components for the viability of regenerated tissues, there is a high need for easily accessible stem cells that are capable of supporting these functions. Within the human tooth and its surrounding tissues, different stem cell populations can be distinguished, such as dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human deciduous teeth, stem cells from the apical papilla, dental follicle stem cells, and periodontal ligament stem cells. Given their straightforward and relatively easy isolation from extracted third molars, dental stem cells (DSCs) have become an attractive source of mesenchymal-like stem cells. Over the past decade, there have been numerous studies supporting the angiogenic, neuroprotective, and neurotrophic effects of the DSC secretome. Together with their ability to differentiate into endothelial cells and neural cell types, this makes DSCs suitable candidates for dental tissue engineering and nerve injury repair.
Highlights
The main goal of tissue engineering is to reconstruct natural tissues by combining progenitor/stem cells with growth factors and different biomaterials to serve as a scaffold for novel tissue growth [1]
Primary dentin is produced by odontoblasts, cells that are thought to arise from precursor cells residing in a strongly innervated and vascularized soft connective tissue within the tooth, that is, the dental pulp
In addition to dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), a number of other distinct stem cell populations have been reported to reside within the human tooth and its surrounding tissues
Summary
The main goal of tissue engineering is to reconstruct natural tissues by combining progenitor/stem cells with growth factors and different biomaterials to serve as a scaffold for novel tissue growth [1]. To the formation of dental tissue in vitro and in vivo, DSCs have been reported to differentiate into myogenic, neurogenic, and endothelial lineages Due to this multilineage differentiation potential as well as their immunomodulatory properties and minimally invasive isolation from extracted third molars, these stem cells have raised high hopes for potential clinical applications [16,17,18,19,20,21]. In order to offer an elaborate overview of the angiogenic and neurogenic properties of different DSC populations as well as their current clinical applications in the dental and neurovascular field, a literature search was performed on PubMed. The following keywords were used: “dental stem cells”; “dental pulp stem cells”; “stem cells from the apical papilla”; “stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth”; “dental follicle stem cells”; “periodontal ligament stem cells”. These keywords were subsequently combined with the search terms, “angiogenesis”; “endothelial differentiation”; “neurogenic differentiation”; “neuroregeneration”; “dental tissue engineering”; “dental pulp regeneration”; “periodontal regeneration”; “peripheral nerve injury”, without any set limitations regarding the type or year of publication
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