Abstract
In this paper we describe cooperation and social dilemmas in multiagent systems, with an analogy applied to road traffic. Cooperative human drivers, based on their perception of trust and fairness, find efficient solutions for such dilemmas. In the development of automated vehicles (AVs) it is therefore important to ensure that this cooperative ability is maintained even without a human driver. Therefore, the topic of cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) is discussed in detail and different characteristics of cooperation and their implementation are derived. Further, three planning levels with the corresponding communication techniques are discussed and several methods for maneuver planning are listed. All in all, we hope that this paper will allow us to better classify different cooperative scenarios, develop novel approaches for cooperative AVs (CAVs), and emphasize the need for cooperative driving.
Highlights
We have developed characteristics of cooperation in order to work out differences and similarities from the variety of cooperative scenarios
Without humans as a cooperative module, the social dilemmas that arise in daily traffic become a major challenge for automated vehicles (AVs)
While animals can cooperate with simple and elegant rules, these cannot be applied to our complex road traffic
Summary
Interaction between vehicles in road traffic is inevitable and, to date, these interactions are based on the human driving style, which depends on factors such as the drivers experience or current emotional situation. The German road traffic regulations (StVO) state in the first paragraph that “Use of the road requires constant care and mutual respect” [1] While this generic statement is understandable for a human driver, an automated system needs a clear formalization of this rule, and this so far does not exist. Imagine a situation with heterogenous agents such as fast cars and slow heavy trucks, where the trucks want to drive from the on-ramp onto the freeway. Due to their mass, their acceleration and maximal velocity are limited.
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