The Nature of Inclusion in the Asia-Pacific

Abstract

This chapter will introduce the concepts and policies of inclusion and inclusive practice from a historical and ideological background across the Asia-Pacific region. Inclusion in its broadest and narrowest forms will be examined within the context of the Asia-Pacific region as a whole. While the region is unique in many ways, it has also been subject to influence from other countries around the world. Inclusive education policy has generally developed in the Asia-Pacific from other international contexts, and although it may be prescriptive, the actualisation of policy is often problematic for schools and educators. Countries within the Asia-Pacific region vary greatly in regard to where they are in the journey towards inclusion, with some having great success with inclusive practice and others struggling against seemingly overwhelming barriers. There are many affordances and barriers that are experienced on this journey, and these will be examined in greater depth.Historically, ideologies which lead to the acceptance of others have struggled to become mainstream, and some of the reasons for the difficulty in changing attitudes towards inclusion will be examined. Attitudinal change can be very difficult, particularly when it is working against inbuilt cultural stereotypes and norms. Cultural norms within the Asia-Pacific region may include issues of ownership of classroom spaces, infrastructure issues, poverty, and cultural beliefs around those with disability. Strategies to address some of the difficulties in changing attitudes towards those who are marginalised will be examined. The chapter will conclude with discussion of future directions for inclusion in the region.KeywordsAsia-PacificCultural beliefsInclusionInclusive educationPolicy