The natural history of retinal hemorrhage in pediatric head trauma

Abstract

Ophthalmologists are commonly asked to interpret appearance of retinal hemorrhages (RH) in children with suspected traumatic head injury. We sought to determine the natural history of RH in young children with head trauma and to identify patterns suggestive of chronicity in order to help establish timing of suspected traumatic injury. The medical records of children <2years of age with abusive or accidental head trauma and RH on initial fundus examination who had 1 or more follow-up examination were retrospectively reviewed. Types of RH (intraretinal, preretinal) were noted; intraretinal hemorrhage (IRH) severity was graded as mild (0-10), moderate (10-20), or severe (>20, too numerous to count [TNTC]). A total of 91 eyes of 52 children were studied. All eyes had IRH (62 eyes with TNTC). In all but one eye, IRH resolved to none or mild within 1-2weeks. TNTC IRH did not persist beyond a few days. The longest an isolated IRH persisted was 32days. Preretinal hemorrhage (PRH) was present in 68 eyes, persisting 5-111days. On initial examination, 25% of eyes had only IRH, 75% both PRH and IRH; no eyes had only PRH. At 2weeks, 3% had only IRH, 18% both, and 45% only PRH. In no eyes did RH worsen. IRH clears rapidly, whereas PRH may persist for many weeks. The presence of TNTC IRHs indicates that trauma occurred within a few days prior to examination, whereas the presence of PRH with no or few IRHs suggests days to weeks since trauma. To accurately identify these patterns, eye examinations should be completed as soon as possible after admission, preferably within 24-48hours.