The National Museums' Archeticture between Designers Vision and National Cultural Objectives , A Case Study of both the Jewish Museum in Berlin and the Grand Egyptian Museum

Abstract

This study focused on a common phenomenon, which is that the architecture of national museums and their internal spaces are designed according to the viewpoint of the architects of those museums and their own vision, based on personal ideas and concepts only, without being compatible with the national cultural goals of the nations and peoples who own those museums. The study used the descriptive and analytical method to study how cultural national goals can govern museum architecture as an alternative to the individual formulations of the designer with limited viewpoints. The study begins with defining the concept of the museum, the scientific definition as a cultural, educational and entertainment center, with an indication of its various functions of preserving, maintaining, and disseminating archaeological awareness, information and others, then discussing what is known as the museum system and its three elements, namely the human being, the museum’s holdings and the museum’s architecture, and from there it proceeds to study the common link between the elements of the symbolic system. The three, which is the symbol as an alphabetical unit of expression and dialogue between the visitor, the museum display and the museum architecture, and through it the national cultural goals of the National Museum and its nation are presented, with an explanation of what the expression and meaning are, and the clarification of the expression mechanisms in architecture in general between direct frankness and hidden symbolism, and then exposure in detail to The foundations of the science of "semiotics" as the science concerned with symbol and the various mechanisms of expression, especially in architecture and pictorial works of art. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the foundations of "hermeneutics", which is the science of reading and interpreting the meanings of different symbols. Through these foundations, the subject was analyzed and read the meanings of the architecture of the Jewish Museum in Berlin and the Grand Egyptian Museum to determine the extent to which the design of their architecture and their internal spaces are compatible with the national cultural goals of their two nations through the museum system, as it appears after the discussion that the architecture of the Jewish Museum in Berlin "is a symbolic embodiment of the journey of the diaspora of the Jewish people, starting from the event of their exit from ancient Egypt to the event of their ordeal in Europe with Nazi Germany during World War II, which came in line with the national cultural goals and the actual purpose of establishing the museum. As for the architecture of the" Grand Egyptian "museum, it is A symbolic embodiment of the journey of the ancient Jews exiting from ancient Egypt to their new home in the land of "Palestine" and their construction there their sacred temple after their construction is the greatest features of ancient Egypt’s civilization, considering the event of the exodus and the forced labor of the ancient Jews in ancient Egypt the most important event in all ancient Egyptian history from the point of view of designers The museum is what qualifies it to be represented in the architecture of the "Great Egyptian" Museum, which contradicts in total and detail the national cultural goals of the Egyptian nation that the museum was built for approval. Then the results came The research decides to follow the designers of the architecture of the Jewish Museum in "Berlin" to the cultural national goals of the nation that owns this museum. As for the designers of the architecture of the "Great Egyptian" museum, they steered far from the cultural national goals of the nation that owns this museum. Rather, their design for the museum and its cultural mission contradicts the established historical and scientific facts.