Abstract

Against civilian populations as well as military forces, the principal threat of gas is to those without protection, as in the poorer nations of the Third World, where defenses are least likely to be available. The 1991 Gulf war apparently ended without the use of chemicals except in mines. If Iraq had used its chemical arsenal, the high state of antichemical preparedness of US and other coalition forces would have provided a high degree of protection. Perhaps these weapons did their greatest harm by instilling fear in civilians and soldiers, a dread perpetuated by ill-informed reports that ignored or underestimated the effectiveness of modern antichemical protection.

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