The Muslim veil controversy in French and Spanish schools

Abstract

Approaches to multiculturalism as a result of immigration vary substantially within Europe. Education policies are equally diverse. The clothing worn by certain immigrant groups in schools has generated controversy in several European countries. Solutions to the problem vary: sometimes the individual school decides on the dress code, sometimes official regulations exist. The debate about the secular and democratic aspects of this topic with regard to freedom of the individual has been lengthy. Are religious symbols worn by pupils at school incompatible with the secular principle? In France, state education is secular. Law 2004-228 banned conspicuous religious symbols in schools, although discreet ones and symbols of a political nature are permitted. In Spain, each school decides its own approach. The Ley Orgánica (Fundamental Law), 10/2002 on Quality of Education makes the school governing body responsible for control and management of the school (Art. 81.1).