The Murine Neonatal Fc Receptor Is Required for Transport of Immunization-Induced C. difficile-Specific IgG to the Gut and Protection against Disease but Does Not Affect Disease Susceptibility.

Abstract

The pathology associated with Clostridioides difficile disease is caused in large part by TcdB, an intracellular bacterial toxin that inactivates small GTPases. Despite C. difficile causing enteric disease, antitoxin IgG is a clear correlate of protection against infection-associated pathology. Immunization with TcdB-based immunogens or passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies specific for the TcdB carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) confers protection following C. difficile infection. Whether the mechanism by which circulating IgG is delivered to the gut depends on specific receptor-mediated transport or is solely reflective of infection-induced damage to the gut remains unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is required for the delivery of systemic TcdB-specific IgG to the gut and protection against C. difficile-associated pathology. FcRn-expressing mice and FcRn-deficient littermates were immunized subcutaneously with Alhydrogel adjuvant-adsorbed CTD before challenge with live C. difficile spores. FcRn was required for the delivery of systemic TcdB-specific IgG to the gut and for vaccine-induced protection against C. difficile-associated disease. The lack of FcRn expression had minimal effects on the composition of the gut microbiome and did not affect susceptibility to C. difficile infection in nonimmunized mice. In further experiments, intraperitoneal injection of immune sera in FcRn-deficient mice led to the transport of protective IgG to the gut independently of infection, confirming a reported method of bypassing the FcRn. Our results reveal an FcRn-dependent mechanism by which systemic immunization-induced IgG protects the gut during enteric C. difficile infection. These findings may be beneficial for the targeting of C. difficile-specific IgG to the gut.