Abstract
The gastrointestinal system where inflammatory bowel disease occurs is central to the immune system where the innate and the adaptive/acquired immune systems are balanced in interactions with gut microbes under homeostasis conditions. This article overviews the high-throughput research screening on multifactorial interplay between genetic risk factors, the intestinal microbiota, urbanization, modernization, Westernization, the environmental influences and immune responses in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Inflammatory bowel disease is an expensive multifactorial debilitating disease that affects thousands new people annually worldwide with no known etiology or cure. The conservative therapeutics focus on the established pathology where the immune dysfunction and gut injury have already happened but do not preclude or delay the progression. Inflammatory bowel disease is evolving globally and has become a global emergence disease. It is largely known to be a disease in industrial-urbanized societies attributed to modernization and Westernized lifestyle associated with environmental factors to genetically susceptible individuals with determined failure to process certain commensal antigens. In the developing nations, increasing incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been associated with rapid urbanization, modernization and Westernization of the population. In summary, there are identified multiple associations to host exposures potentiating the landscape risk hazards of inflammatory bowel disease trigger, that include: Western life-style and diet, host genetics, altered innate and/or acquired/adaptive host immune responses, early-life microbiota exposure, change in microbiome symbiotic relationship (dysbiosis/dysbacteriosis), pollution, changing hygiene status, socioeconomic status and several other environmental factors have long-standing effects/influence tolerance. The ongoing multipronged robotic studies on gut microbiota composition disparate patterns between the rural vs. urban locations may help elucidate and better understand the contribution of microbiome disciplines/ecology and evolutionary biology in potentially protecting against the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
Highlights
The “Colitides” known as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is intestinal disease that cause prolonged chronic relapsing and remitting inflammation of the digestive tract due to multifactorial interplay between genetic risk, the immune system, environmental exposures, and the intestinal microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals [1,2,3]
There were 51,671 publications identified in the review search of the possible etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (22,925 for UC, 27,536 for CD and 1210 for indeterminate colitis (IC)
In a compromised luminal innate immune system mechanisms there are some indications that commensal bacteria play crucial role in the developmental trigger of IBD. These include, (i) empiric antibiotic therapy experiences has been satisfying in certain IBD patients [109], (ii) IBD patients have enhanced concentrations against indigenous commensal bacteria [110], (iii) genetic deviants that are consociated with bacterial spotting, such as NOD2 [111], and T cell immunity, such as IL23R, are incriminated in IBD [112] and (iv) most animal model studies of colitis require commensal bacteria for the initiation or trigger of intestinal inflammation [113]
Summary
The “Colitides” known as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is intestinal disease that cause prolonged chronic relapsing and remitting inflammation of the digestive tract due to multifactorial interplay between genetic risk, the immune system, environmental exposures, and the intestinal microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals [1,2,3]. IBD incidence and prevalence is evolving worldwide [14,15] and is contemplated to be an emergence global disease [4]. Rapid urbanization represents a major demographic shift and has been associated with an escalated incidence of several autoimmune diseases, including IBD [36,38,39,40]. In this long extensive literature search overview article we discuss: (i) pathogenesis of IBD, seeking to better understand accurately the aetiopathogenesis of IBD. In this long extensive literature search overview article we discuss: (i) pathogenesis of IBD, seeking to better understand accurately the aetiopathogenesis of IBD. (ii) environmental factors, building on the knowledge of how factors like diet, microbiota and psychological stress are reflected to play a role in IBD (iii) preclinical human IBD mechanisms, paying close attention to how IBD manifests in patients and ensuring research in the laboratory reflects this understanding, (iv) novel technologies, applying the latest multipronged innovations like non-invasive imaging and biosensors to IBD and (v) pragmatic clinical research, working in collaboration between basic scientist, clinical teams and patients to answer questions relevant to daily clinical practice and evaluate the effectiveness of current practices in diagnostics and treatments
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
