Abstract
Abstract The European geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite offers a variety of channels to use for various purposes, including nowcasting of convection. A number of applications have also been developed to make use of these new capabilities for nowcasting, especially for the detection and prediction of severe weather. The MSG infrared channel selection makes it possible to assess the air stability in preconvective, that is, still cloud-free, conditions. Instability indices are traditionally derived from radiosonde profiles. Such indices typically combine measures of the thermal and moisture properties and often only use a small quantity of vertical profile parameters. MSG-based temperature and moisture retrievals are used for the derivation of stability indices, which are a part of the MSG meteorological products derived centrally at the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). Such indices are of an empirical nature, are often only applicable to certain geographic regions, and their thresholds are dependent on seasonal variation, but they can assess the likelihood of convection within the next few hours, thus providing a warning lead of about 6–9 h. Numerous test cases and the more quantitative verification process that was initiated by the South African Weather Service show the generally good warning potential of the derived instability fields. The added capability of a nearly continuous monitoring of the instability fields that is guaranteed by MSG’s 15-min repeat cycle is most valuable, since it provides nowcasters with new information much more regularly than the twice-a-day soundings at only a limited number of radiosonde stations. The current EUMETSAT instability product is aimed at helping forecasters to focus their attention on a certain region, which can then be monitored more closely with other means, like satellite imagery and radar data, over the next few hours.
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