Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is the causative agent of yersiniosis, a zoonotic disease of growing epidemiological importance with significant consequences for public health. This pathogenic species has been intensively studied for many years. Six biotypes (1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, 5) and more than 70 serotypes of Y. enterocolitica have been identified to date. The biotypes of Y. enterocolitica are divided according to their pathogenic properties: the non-pathogenic biotype 1A, weakly pathogenic biotypes 2–5, and the highly pathogenic biotype 1B. Due to the complex pathogenesis of yersiniosis, further research is needed to expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the infection process and the clinical course of the disease. Many factors, both plasmid and chromosomal, significantly influence these processes. The aim of this study was to present the most important virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica and their role during infection.
Highlights
The genus Yersinia belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family consists of 18 species, of which only three, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, are pathogenic for humans and animals [1]
According to a recent report of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), yersiniosis caused by Y. enterocolitica is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic diseases in Europe [2]
The search for chromosomal, genetically-stable virulence markers, such as ail, invA, myfA, and yst genes, which encode the production of attachment-invasion locus (Ail) protein, primary internalization factor invasin InvA, mucoid Yersiniae factor MyfA and Yst (Yersinia-stable toxin) enterotoxin, respectively, is more justified from the diagnostic point of view [9]
Summary
The genus Yersinia belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family consists of 18 species, of which only three, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, are pathogenic for humans and animals [1]. The search for chromosomal, genetically-stable virulence markers, such as ail, invA, myfA, and yst genes, which encode the production of Ail (attachment-invasion locus) protein, primary internalization factor invasin InvA, mucoid Yersiniae factor MyfA and Yst (Yersinia-stable toxin) enterotoxin, respectively, is more justified from the diagnostic point of view [9]. Physicochemical parameters, such as temperature, the concentration of calcium and iron ions, pH, and osmolarity play a role during infection [8,10,11,12]. According to Rastawicki et al [25], Myf fibrillae are immunogenic at the beginning of disease, and immune responses to recombinant MyfA are more frequent in children than in adult patients
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