The most common teratogens as factors of mutability: A literature review

Abstract

Introduction: The teratogenic agents during the embryonic period can result in disorders in organ differentiation. Concerns regarding medication use during pregnancy heightened after the thalidomide case in the 1960s, underscoring the need for a balance between caution and effective treatment, given the lack of clear information on risks. The aim of the research was to understand teratogens as factors that increase mutability and highlight the relevance of preventive strategies to ensure fetal and maternal health. Methods: Literature review using the PubMed database, Scopus and Web of Science was conducted. Forty-four articles, documents, clinical trials, and systematic reviews published in English were included. Teratogens and their effects, as well as preventive strategies for teratogenic congenital defects, were explored. Results: Risks associated with specific substances were examined, highlighting their effects on the fetus and providing epidemiological data. Preventive measures such as vaccination, folic acid supplementation, and control of metabolic diseases were addressed. Conclusions: During pregnancy, it is crucial to avoid exposure to chemicals, drugs, and medications that may harm the fetus. Caution should be exercised with the use of medications, and alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs should be avoided. Preventive strategies such as vaccination and folic acid supplementation reduce the risk of congenital malformations and promote a healthy pregnancy.