Abstract
The dissolution of the Habsburg Empire created not only a power vacuum, Bolshevik menace, and small, mutually hostile states, but also economic chaos and starvation. Winston Churchill, the Minister of War, coined the phrase ‘Starvation means Bolshevism’ and intelligence reports confirmed his views. The confusion and failure in British planning of post-war Europe was probably the most conspicuous in the case of Austria. The assistant director of the Political Intelligence Department, Sir James Headlam–Morley, was constantly complaining of a lack of first-hand information about Austrian matters. In the early months of 1919, Headlam–Morley’s concern about Austrian and Hungarian affairs met with the indifference of the Foreign Office and the British delegation at the Peace Conference. Hence, the Austrian Treaty was drafted by politicians who were on the one hand unsympathetic towards Vienna, and on the other hand had no interest or knowledge of Central European matters.
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