Abstract
The noble gas argon has attracted increasing attention in recent years, especially because of its neuroprotective properties. In a variety of models, ranging from oxygen-glucose deprivation in cell culture to complex models of mid-cerebral artery occlusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage or retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in animals, argon administration after individual injury demonstrated favorable effects, particularly increased cell survival and even improved neuronal function. As an inert molecule, argon did not show signs of adverse effects in the in vitro and in vivo model used, while being comparably cheap and easy to apply. However, the molecular mechanism by which argon is able to exert its protective and beneficial characteristics remains unclear. Although there are many pieces missing to complete the signaling pathway throughout the cell, it is the aim of this review to summarize the known parts of the molecular pathways and to combine them to provide a clear insight into the cellular pathway, starting with the receptors that may be involved in mediating argons effects and ending with the translational response.
Highlights
Argon is the third noble gas, part of the eighth main group in the periodic table of elements with an atomic number of 18
The scientific community has to deal with a variety of different models in which protective effects of argon have been investigated, the neuroprotective properties of argon are widely confirmed by different authors
The proposed mechanism for argon mediated neuroprotective effects includes TLR2 and TLR4 signaling, while the NMDA, TREK-1, KATP and GABAA receptors do not interact with argon under normobaric pressure
Summary
Argon is the third noble gas, part of the eighth main group in the periodic table of elements with an atomic number of 18. It is a one-atom, odorless and extremely inert gaseous molecule, condensing only at temperatures below 87.15 K. Called “inert”, noble gases may exert certain biological effects, especially interacting with larger proteins, protein cavities or even receptors [4]. The authors conclude: “(A) The narcotic effect of argon is greater than that of nitrogen at high pressures of 4 to 10 atmospheres, corresponding to depths of 100 to. This review will discuss the molecular findings of argon-mediated beneficial and protective effects in various models of neuronal injuries, including receptor interactions, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways as well dose and time dependency after argon administration
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