Abstract
Although visceral adipocytes located within the body’s central core are maintained at approximately 37°C, adipocytes within bone marrow, subcutaneous, and dermal depots are found primarily within the peripheral shell and generally exist at cooler temperatures. Responses of brown and beige/brite adipocytes to cold stress are well studied; however, comparatively little is known about mechanisms by which white adipocytes adapt to temperatures below 37°C. Here, we report that adaptation of cultured adipocytes to 31°C, the temperature at which distal marrow adipose tissues and subcutaneous adipose tissues often reside, increases anabolic and catabolic lipid metabolism, and elevates oxygen consumption. Cool adipocytes rely less on glucose and more on pyruvate, glutamine, and, especially, fatty acids as energy sources. Exposure of cultured adipocytes and gluteal white adipose tissue (WAT) to cool temperatures activates a shared program of gene expression. Cool temperatures induce stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) expression and monounsaturated lipid levels in cultured adipocytes and distal bone marrow adipose tissues (BMATs), and SCD1 activity is required for acquisition of maximal oxygen consumption at 31°C.
Highlights
Survival of euthermic animals is dependent on tight regulation of body temperature and cellular function in environmental conditions below thermoneutrality
We previously reported that isolated bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) from the distal tibia of mice elevated Scd1 expression and higher levels of monounsaturated lipids compared to those found in the proximal tibia or within white adipose depots [15]
Lipidomic analyses revealed decreased levels of saturated fatty acids and increased proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, esterified within TAG isolated from distal bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) depots of rats housed at 22 ̊C (Fig 1A)
Summary
Survival of euthermic animals is dependent on tight regulation of body temperature and cellular function in environmental conditions below thermoneutrality. Mammals have developed a complex system to defend core body temperature within a narrow range, the exterior and extremities remain much cooler. Whereas the body core is maintained at a relatively. Molecular and metabolic program for cool adaptation of white adipocytes. We are grateful for the support of several core facilities, including the University of Michigan Advanced Genomics Core, Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core (U24 DK097153), and Adipose Tissue Core of the MNORC (P30 DK089503) and the National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems (5P41GM108538). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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