Abstract
Modified charcoal was prepared from the oxidation of charcoal using the HNO3/H3PO4-NaNO2 system in a range of temperatures from 30 to 50 °C for 24 to 72 hours of reaction time. The reaction was the oxidation by cleavage of a double bond and converting it into a carboxyl group (-COOH) or carbonyl group (-C=O). The results showed that the carboxyl content of the modified charcoal (MC) increased with an increase in reaction time and temperature. The condition at 50°C for 60 hours yielded the MC with a carboxyl content of 1.81 mmol/g. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) revealed that MC had a new adsorption peak at 1712 cm-1. The oxygen content of modified charcoal also increased, suggesting the formation of carboxyl or carbonyl groups in the products after the oxidation. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated an increase in porosity of the MC. The maximum capacity of ammonia adsorption of MC was 6.14 mg/g.
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