Abstract
Difference of opinion and interpretation is a well-recognized feature of law and theology in Islam, originating in the fact that the bulk of the textual data of the Qur’an and hadith is open to interpretation. This has led, in turn, to the emergence of a large number of legal and theological schools throughout the Islamic history, many of which have survived to this day. This chapter reviews scriptural evidence in the Qur’an, hadith, and Islamic scholarship that support freedom of expression and interpretation in various ways, including consultation, sincere advice, independent reasoning, and constructive criticism, all pointing to the reality of ikhtilaf, diversity and pluralism in Islamic thought.
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