Abstract
In this research, the modeling, design, fabrication, and application of ECIS sensors in environmental monitoring are studied. The ECIS sensors are able to qualify the water toxicity through measuring the cell impedance. A novel mathematical model is proposed to analyze the distribution of electric potential and current of ECIS. This mathematical model is validated by experimental data and can be used to optimize the dimension of ECIS electrodes in order to satisfy environmental monitors. The detection sensitivity of ECIS sensors is analyzed by the mathematical model and experimental data. The simulated and experimental results show that ECIS sensors with smaller radius of working electrodes yield higher impedance values, which improves signal-to-noise ratio, which is more suitable in measuring the cell morphology change influenced by environments. Several ECIS sensors are used to detect the toxicant including, phenol, ammonia, nicotine, and aldicarb, and the decreasing cell impedance indicates the toxic effect. The gradient of measured impedance qualitatively indicates the concentration of toxicants in water.
Highlights
A large number of the world’s population live in areas with high risks of environment
Where ρ is the resistivity of the cell culture medium; I1 and I2 are the current flowing through the point (r,z) in r and z directions, respectively; er and ez are the unit vectors of the r and z directions; E is the electric field at any point (r,z); V is the electric potential at the point (r, z); and dI1 and dI2 are the infinitesimally small currents of I1 and I2. dI1 and dI2 have the same sign; I0ð2crÞ is the modified Bessel function of the first kind; A, D, and c are the coefficients of solution Vðr; zÞ
The design of electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) sensors includes the dimensions of working electrodes and counter electrodes, and the distance between them is critical in environmental monitoring because those designing parameters will influence the detection sensitivity of ECIS sensors
Summary
A large number of the world’s population live in areas with high risks of environment. Several mathematical models have been introduced to analyze the relationship between measured cell impedance and cell morphology and behaviors [1, 2, 10, 21–28]. The current may switch from one path to another or creating a hybrid path in reality, which was considered by some models [1, 2, 10, 14] These models assumed that the current flows radially between the substratum and the ventral surface of the cell, and the electric potential is constant inside the cell. In order to monitor the environments effectively, systematically analyzing the relationship between the electric properties of measured subjects and output of ECIS sensors are needed. A model related to electric field distribution of ECIS sensing, which can be used in quantifying the ECIS sensor measurements, is created with a partial differential equation. Where ρ is the resistivity of the cell culture medium (electrolyte); I1 and I2 are the current flowing through the point (r,z) in r and z directions, respectively; er and ez are the unit vectors of the r and z directions; E is the electric field at any point (r,z); V is the electric potential at the point (r, z); and dI1 and dI2 are the infinitesimally small currents of I1 and I2. dI1 and dI2 have the same sign; I0ð2crÞ is the modified Bessel function of the first kind; A, D, and c are the coefficients of solution Vðr; zÞ
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