The Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) Protein Involved in 11 q23 Translocations Contains a Domain that Binds Cruciform DNA and Scaffold Attachment Region (SAR) DNA

Abstract

Translocations involving chromosome band 11q23, found in acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemias, disrupt the MLL gene. This gene encodes a putative transcription factor with regions of homology to several other proteins including the zinc fingers and other domains of the Drosophila trithorax gene product, and the "AT-hook" DNA-binding motif of high mobility group proteins. We have previously demonstrated that MLL contains transcriptional activation and repression domains using a GAL4 fusion protein system (21). The repression domain, which is capable of repressing transcription 3-5-fold, is located centromeric to the breakpoint region of MLL. The activation domain, located telomeric to the breakpoint region, activated transcription from a variety of promoters including ones containing only basal promoter elements. The level of activation was very high, ranging from 10-fold to more than 300-fold, depending on the promoter and cell line used for transient transfection. In translocations involving MLL, the protein produced from the der(11) chromosome which contains the critical junction for leukemogenesis includes the AT-hook domain and the repression domain. We assessed the DNA binding capability of the MLL AT-hook domain using bacterially expressed and purified AT-hook protein. In a gel mobility shift assay, the MLL AT-hook domain could bind cruciform DNA, recognizing structure rather than sequence of the target DNA. This binding could be specifically competed with Hoechst 33258 dye and with distamycin. In a nitrocellulose protein-DNA binding assay, the MLL AT-hook domain could bind to AT-rich SARs, but not to non-SAR DNA fragments. The role that the AT-hook binding to DNA may play in vivo is unclear, but it is likely that DNA binding could affect downstream gene regulation. The AT-hook domain retained on the der(11) would potentially recognize a different DNA target than the one normally recognized by the intact MLL protein. Furthermore, loss of an activation domain while retaining a repression domain on the der(11) chromosome could alter the expression of various downstream target genes, suggesting potential mechanisms of action for MLL in leukemia.