Abstract
BackgroundThe rather species-poor oviparous gyrodactylids are restricted to South America. It was suggested that they have a basal position within the otherwise viviparous Gyrodactylidae. Accordingly, it was proposed that the species-rich viviparous gyrodactylids diversified and dispersed from there.MethodsThe mitochondrial genome of Aglaiogyrodactylus forficulatus was bioinformatically assembled from next-generation illumina MiSeq sequencing reads, annotated, and compared to previously published mitochondrial genomes of other monogenoidean flatworm species.ResultsThe mitochondrial genome of A. forficulatus consists of 14,371 bp with an average A + T content of 75.12 %. All expected 12 protein coding, 22 tRNA, and 2 rRNA genes were identified. Furthermore, there were two repetitive non-coding regions essentially consisting of 88 bp and 233 bp repeats, respectively. Maximum Likelihood analyses placed the mitochondrial genome of A. forficulatus in a well-supported clade together with the viviparous Gyrodactylidae species. The gene order differs in comparison to that of other monogenoidean species, with rearrangements mainly affecting tRNA genes. In comparison to Paragyrodactylus variegatus, four gene order rearrangements, i.e. three transpositions and one complex tandem-duplication-random-loss event, were detected.ConclusionMitochondrial genome sequence analyses support a basal position of the oviparous A. forficulatus within Gyrodactylidae, and a sister group relationship of the oviparous and viviparous forms.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1586-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
The rather species-poor oviparous gyrodactylids are restricted to South America
Next-generation sequencing of the genomic DNA of A. forficulatus delivered 29,107,020 million paired 300 bp reads
During the assembly of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of A. forficulatus particular attention was paid to the two repetitive repeat regions in order to avoid erroneous base-calling due to misassembled short reads; the final sequence was determined only from those reads that in part covered the respective flanking regions
Summary
The rather species-poor oviparous gyrodactylids are restricted to South America. It was suggested that they have a basal position within the otherwise viviparous Gyrodactylidae. It was proposed that the species-rich viviparous gyrodactylids diversified and dispersed from there. Within flatworms (Platyhelminthes) the parasitic Neodermata represent the most derived forms and are, at least when compared to the free-living flatworm lineages, species rich. They include the ectoparasitic Monogenoidea, and the endoparasitic flukes (Trematoda) and tapeworms (Cestoda). Boeger et al [4] considered the oviparous species a basal lineage within Gyrodactylidae Taking into account their geographical restriction to Bachmann et al Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:285 continental South America they argued that the speciesrich viviparous gyrodactylids diversified and dispersed from there [4]. Hyperviviparity and the loss of ‘sticky’ eggs were interpreted as synapomorphic key innovations of the viviparous Gyrodactylidae
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