The minimum signal force detectable in air with a piezoelectric plate transducer

Abstract

Restricted accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Farlow R. and Hayward G. 2001The minimum signal force detectable in air with a piezoelectric plate transducerProc. R. Soc. Lond. A.4572741–2755http://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2001.0840SectionRestricted accessResearch articleThe minimum signal force detectable in air with a piezoelectric plate transducer R. Farlow R. Farlow Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and G. Hayward G. Hayward Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author R. Farlow R. Farlow Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and G. Hayward G. Hayward Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Published:08 November 2001https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2001.0840AbstractA theoretical analysis based on the Johnson noise equation and an established transducer model has revealed a simple mathematical expression for the minimum signal force detectable in air with an open–circuit piezoelectric plate transducer operating in its thickness mode. A significant finding is that, except for any frequency dependence associated with a transducer's intrinsic losses, the minimum detectable signal force is independent of frequency. By contrast, the sensitivity (e.g. volts per unit signal force) is known to be a strong function of frequency, with the principal peak being at the plate's fundamental thickness resonance. The results are explained by showing that the new equation for minimum detectable force (MDF) is equivalent to the mechanical version of the Johnson noise equation. Both the Johnson noise equation and its mechanical equivalent are consistent with a generalized theory of thermal noise, which is sometimes referred to as the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. It is now evident that the mechanical equivalent of the Johnson noise equation provides a useful starting point from which many other device–specific MDF equations may be derived with relative ease. This approach is not restricted to piezoelectric transducers and can be applied regardless of whether the device is intended for operation in a solid, liquid or gaseous medium. Previous ArticleNext Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited by Fam G and Rashed Y (2015) An efficient meshless technique for the solution of transversely isotropic two-dimensional piezoelectricity, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 10.1016/j.camwa.2015.01.007, 69:5, (438-454), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2015. Fam G, Rashed Y and Katsikadelis J (2015) The analog equation integral formulation for plane piezoelectric media, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 10.1016/j.enganabound.2014.10.013, 51, (199-212), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2015. Gleich B, Weizenecker J and Borgert J (2011) Theory, simulation and experimental results of the acoustic detection of magnetization changes in superparamagnetic iron oxide, BMC Medical Imaging, 10.1186/1471-2342-11-16, 11:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2011. LANG S (2004) Guide to the Literature of Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity. 21, Ferroelectrics, 10.1080/00150190490447998a, 300:1, (177-280), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2004. This Issue08 November 2001Volume 457Issue 2015 Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2001.0840Published by:Royal SocietyPrint ISSN:1364-5021Online ISSN:1471-2946History: Published online08/11/2001Published in print08/11/2001 License: Citations and impact Keywordsreceiverultrasoundtransducerpiezoelectricitydetectionjohnson noise