Abstract
This paper presents a minimum signal model via the AC small-signal model and the uncertainty principle, which reveals the minimum AC signal that can be amplified by a bipolar transistor. The Ebers—Moll model (EM3) can describe the small signal amplification process, but it is difficult to define the minimum amplifiable signal of the bipolar transistor. In this study, the correspondence relationship between the non-equilibrium carrier and the electric injection is proved, and the relationship between the life of the non-equilibrium carrier and the measurable signal is proposed by the uncertainty principle. Next, the limit of perceived minimum voltage is also derived in this paper. Then, combining with EM3 model, the minimum AC signal model of bipolar transistor is presented to calculate the minimum voltage signal of bipolar transistor that can be amplified. Finally, a number of the simulation and experiment results show that when the minimum signal in the model is used as input, the carrier concentration of the bipolar transistor does not change and the base electrode cannot perceive the signal, which verifies the validity of the minimum AC signal model.
Highlights
Bipolar transistor amplifiers are widely used in weak signal detection, especially for small AC signals [1]
The research of this paper solves the problem of the minimum signal limit of the bipolar transistor in the amplification region, which is of great significance for weak signal detection
According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle [36], when the product of its lifetime and energy needs to be greater than the Heisenberg constant, a non-equilibrium carrier to have an effect in a semiconductor, as follows:
Summary
Bipolar transistor amplifiers are widely used in weak signal detection, especially for small AC signals [1]. A lot of theoretical models of bipolar transistor have been proposed and applied to the internal self-generating capacitance and selfgenerating conductance of semiconductors, including Ebers–Moll model (EM1), EM2, EM3 and Gummel–Poon model (GP) [5] These studies have greatly promoted the development of transistor amplifier circuit and improved the weak signal detection ability. The research of this paper solves the problem of the minimum signal limit of the bipolar transistor in the amplification region, which is of great significance for weak signal detection.
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