Abstract
Although anatomically modern humans emerged during the MSA, debates have focused on the timing for the development of cognitive thoughts, planning depth, and profound cultural innovations. While some scholars have attributed these qualities to the LSA population, others have proposed that the evolutionary modern human behaviors developed during the MSA. This paper is a contribution to this debate based on new excavations at Mumba site, Tanzania, occupied at different periods from the last Interglacial Maximum around 128,000 BP through the onset of Holocene ca. 12,000 BP. We use new ESR dates, geochronology of stratigraphic sequences, lithic technology and typological variability in archaeological assemblages to show gradual transformation, steadiness, and shared technological traits between the MSA and LSA occupation levels at Mumba. We concluded that there are no fixed boundaries between the late MSA and early LSA regarding cognitive thought and technological transformation in Africa.
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