Abstract
In the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the Middle Euphrates played a vital role in cultural, military, political, and trading activity. The Middle Euphrates was also part of one of the key invasion routes of Syria and Mesopotamia from the Seleucid period through to the late Roman period and it formed part of a complex defensive network during much of this time. The location of ancient Thapsakos has long been a point of contention, but it was clearly a significant crossing on the course of the Middle Euphrates as it flows north–south in modern Turkey and Syria. The confluence of the Euphrates and Khabur rivers was a crucially important sector on the Middle Euphrates in the Seleucid and Roman periods. Trade and military activity were in turn of fundamental importance to culture on the Middle Euphrates itself and more broadly to the territory through which it flowed.
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