Abstract
Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) is widely distributed and associated with increasing temperature and CO2 content in the atmosphere. The effects of MMCO are identified in the mid-latitude region, with lack of examples from the low latitude areas. In this study, we aim to determine the effect of MMCO at Cibulakan Formation of Bogor Basin, Indonesia, which is situated in lower latitude. We took 58 samples from the Cibulakan Formation, which is exposed along Cileungsi River, for quantitative nannoplankton (the abundance of Helicosphaera carteri) analysis to mark increasing and decreasing salinity event, as they are sensitive to temperature. Temperature relates to the salinity of the seawater due to evaporation. From our analysis, we identified sea surface temperature change in Early Miocene which was presumably due to small scale Early Miocene glaciation and active tectonic during the period. The warmer temperature took place on Middle Miocene as the effect of a warm and open sea environment during Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum. Afterward, the temperature continued to rise until the late Miocene, as it had been triggered by the increasing global temperature at the Pacific Ocean and widely distributed clean water at North West Java Basin during the depositional period.
Highlights
Global climatic event during Middle Miocene showed increasing of global temperature called by MidMiocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) [1]; [2]
Nannoplankton population changes can be indicated several paleoecology changes, where blooming nannoplankton in the Cibulakan Formation related with global event of Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum
Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum triggered increasing population of nannoplankton on Middle Miocene and the effect was continue into Late Miocene
Summary
Global climatic event during Middle Miocene showed increasing of global temperature called by MidMiocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) [1]; [2]. Antarctic vegetation in the MMCO reported that average temperature during summer period showed 110C warmer than today and annual sea surface temperature ranging between 11.50C. The increasing of temperature during MMCO performs the relationship with the changing of nannoplankton population. Nannoplankton shows the sensitivity response with the increasing of temperature. It can be performed by the number of species diversity and population of nannoplankton significantly increased in MMCO period, when the surface temperature rose from 50C to 80C [4]. Increasing of nannoplankton population, and MMCO evidence made the coccolithophores evolved rapidly and several species showed high diversification [4]
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