The Microbiology of Safe Food

Abstract

Preface. 1 Introduction to Safe Food. 1.1 What is Safe Food? 1.2 The manufacture of Hygienic food. 1.3 Functional foods. 2 Basic Aspects. 2.1 The microbial world. 2.2 Bacterial cell structure. 2.3 Microbial growth cycle. 2.4 Death kinetics. 2.5 Factors affecting microbial growth. 2.6 Preservatives. 2.7 Microbial response to stress. 2.8 Predictive modelling. 3 Foodborne Illness. 3.1 The size of the food poisoning problem. 3.2 Consumer pressure effect on food processing. 3.3 Testing foods for the presence of pathogens. 3.4 Control of food poisoning. 3.5 Surveillance programmes. 3.6 Causes of food poisoning. 3.7 The microbial flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. 3.8 The mode of action of bacterial toxins. 3.9 Virulence factors of foodborne pathogens. 4 The Microbial Flora of Food. 4.1 Spoilage microorganisms. 4.2 Shelf life indicators 4.3 Methods of prevention and shelf life extension. 4.4 Fermented foods. 4.5 Prebiotics, probiotocs and synbiotics. 4.6 Microbial biofilms. 5 Food Poisoning Microorganisms. 5.1 Indicator organisms. 5.2 Foodborne pathogens: bacteria. 5.3 Foodborne pathogens: viruses 5.4 Seafood and shellfish poisoning. 5.5 Foodborne pathogens: eucaryotes. 5.6 Mycotoxins. 5.7 Emerging and uncommon foodborne pathogens. 6 Methods of Detection. 6.1 Prologue. 6.2 Conventional methods. 6.3 Rapid methods. 6.4 Rapid end-detection methods. 6.5 Specific detection procedures. 6.6 Accrediation schemes. 7 Food Safety Management Tools. 7.1 Microbiological safety of food in world trade. 7.2 The management of hazards in food which is in international trade. 7.3 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). 7.4 Outline of HACCP. 7.5 Microbiological criteria and HACCP. 7.6 Microbiological hazards and their control. 7.7 HAACP plans. 7.8 Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOPs) 7.9 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and Good Hygiene Practice (GHP). 7.10 Quality Systems. 7.11 Total Quality Management (TQM). 7.12 ISO 9000 Series of standards. 8 Microbiological Criteria. 8.1 International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods. 8.2 Codex Alimentarius principles for the establishment and application of microbiological criteria for foods. 8.3 Sampling plans. 8.4 Variable plans. 8.5 Attributes sampling plan. 8.6 Principles. 8.7 Microbiological limits. 8.8 Examples of sampling plans. 8.9 Implemented microbiological criteria. 8.10 Public Health (UK) Guidelines for Ready-To-Eat Foods. 9 Microbiological Assessment. 9.1 Risk assessment (RA). 9.2 Risk management. 9.3 Risk communication. 9.4 Food Safety Objectives. 9.5 Application of MRA. 10 Regulations and Authorities. 10.1 Regulations in international trade of food. 10.2 Codex Alimentarius Commission. 10.3 Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS), Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). 10.4 Food authorities in the United States. 10.5 European Union legislation. 10.6 Food safety agencies. Glossary of Terms. Appendix: Food Safety Resources on the World Wide Web. References. Index.