The Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID Exhibits an Immunostimulant Effect by Boosting Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.

Camille Jacques,Mathias Chatelais,Louis Fauconnier,Dieudonnée Togbe,Manon Mellier,Ilaria Floris,Karim Fekir

doi:10.3390/ijms23010110

Abstract

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the micro-immunotherapy medicine (MIM) 2LEID, both in vitro and in vivo, on several components of the innate and adaptive immune system. MIM increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages, and it augmented the expression of the activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR in NK cells and monocytes/macrophages, respectively. The effect of MIM was evaluated in a model of respiratory infection induced by influenza A virus administration to immunocompetent mice in which it was able to improve neutrophil recruitment within the lungs (p = 0.1051) and slightly increased the circulating levels of IgM (p = 0.1655). Furthermore, MIM stimulated the proliferation of CD3-primed T lymphocytes and decreased the secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in CD14+-derived macrophages. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were finally used to explore the effect of MIM on endothelial cells, in which it slightly increased the expression of immune-related markers such as HLA-I, CD137L, GITRL, PD-L1 and ICAM-1. In conclusion, the present study suggests that MIM might be a promising nonspecific (without antigen specificity) immunostimulant drug in preventing and early treating respiratory infections, but not only exclusively, as it would gently support several facets of the immune system and host defenses.

Highlights

Introduction published maps and institutional affilRespiratory tract infections are a heterogeneous group of conditions affecting the upper and/or lower respiratory tract and can be caused by micro-organisms or pathogen agents such as bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes) or viruses
In addition to confirming the data from Lawlor et al, who demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with antiCD3/CD28.2 resulted in an indirect activation of natural killer (NK) cells [48], our results showed that, in a preprimed immune state, micro-immunotherapy medicine (MIM) can considerably exacerbate the expression of this activation marker in NK and in CD8+ T cells (Figures 4G,H and S3)
The present study shows that MIM acts as an immune enhancer towards several actors of both the innate and the adaptive immune system, implicated in the organism’s defense

Summary

Introduction

Respiratory tract infections are a heterogeneous group of conditions affecting the upper and/or lower respiratory tract and can be caused by micro-organisms or pathogen agents such as bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes) or viruses (influenza A, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses). Respiratory infectious diseases can affect the sinuses, throat, airways or lungs. Those that affect the lower respiratory tract tend to be more serious than those that stay confined to the upper respiratory tract [1]. Infections of the respiratory system encompass diverse illnesses including the common cold, acute bronchitis, influenza or respiratory distress syndromes, the commonly associated symptoms comprising runny/plugged nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, hoarseness, facial pressure and low-grade fever. As infection from one individual to another occurs through the inhalation of contaminated droplets, the first line of defense towards those conditions remains prevention measures, such as hand washing, superficies sanitization, wound iations.

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