The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted clinical entity resulting from the interaction of genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Over the past two decades, the number of people diagnosed with the syndrome has steadily increased and is associated with the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes. The metabolic syndrome is characterized by the clustering of disorders which includes high blood pressure, high (pro)insulin concentrations, excess body weight with central obesity, and an altered lipid profile (dyslipidaemia) that increase the likelihood to develop micro‐ and macrovascular complications, including coronary heart disease or stroke. Each of these disorders is by itself a risk factor for other diseases including diabetes mellitus. In combination, morbidity and mortality are dramatically increased. Because the defining thresholds for establishing the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome are controversial, the NCEP: ATP III and the WHO have made specific suggestions. The current definitions of the metabolic syndrome can be used as predictors of vascular complications. Risk assessment and subsequent selection of probands for intervention, such as weight reduction and increased physical activity are recommended for the clinical management of the metabolic syndrome.