The Mental Homologies of Mammals. Towards an Understanding of Another Mammals World View.

Marthe Kiley-Worthington

doi:10.3390/ani7120087

Abstract

Simple SummaryMammals are defined by their similarities in bodies, behaviours and minds, where the mind is defined as the organized totality of mental processes. Mental similarities between related species, known as homologies, have largely been ignored by cognitive scientists since Darwin. Today, some behavioural scientists hold a series of beliefs which do not recognize them. However, people who have to do with animals daily have always recognized common mental traits they have with their animals. After 25 years of multi-disciplinary study, nine important mammalian mental homologies have been delineated: (1) All mammals have innate behaviour tendencies which are molded by the individual’s lifetime experiences. (2) They are sentient (that is they feel and have emotions) and consequently are conscious: awake and aware of the world. (3) They all learn in similar ways. (4) They all have to acquire ecological knowledge to live and reproduce. (5) They acquire social knowledge, have a social contract and can develop different traditions and cultures. (6) They have to know about others’ intentions to be social, that is they all have a “theory of mind”: an awareness that others have body/mind beings. (7) They are aware of their own body and feelings, thus they must be self-aware. (8) They are moral agents because they know when they have obeyed the social contract and when not. (9) They have a simple aesthetic sense because they like some things and dislike others. Sentience appears to be the power house behind these and other mental aptitudes which follow from them such as beliefs, decisions, episodic memory, imagination and mental time travel. In order to compare the “beings” (body-mine wholes) of different species and their world views, Conditional Anthropomorphism is proposed. This recognizes our common mental traits (anthropomorphism) takes into account different species specialties and examines the past experience of that individual to indicate how his/her world view is molded by lifetime experiences (conditional). Such studies are essential to improve their welfare and enriching our lives.Mammals’ mental homologies include that they look after their young, suckle and protect them; they acquire information about the world by learning. They have five types of sensory receptors and a brain to analyze the information and they feel: that is they are sentient. Mental homologies have been largely ignored by behavioural scientists since Darwin because of certain historical beliefs. This however has not been the case for people who have had to do with non-human mammals who have long recognized their mental similarities to humans. As a result, behavioural science has sponsored some inappropriate research (examples are given). The study of another mammal species epistemology, (knowledge and world view) requires a recognition of these mental homologies. The result of a 25 year multi-disciplinary study indicates that there are nine mammalian mental homologies which define mammals. These are discussed and reviewed and further mental aptitudes which logically follow from these are pointed out. A Conditional Anthropomorphic approach is proposed. By recognizing the body/mind, whole “being” homologies of mammals, we can advance in understanding other mammal species’ and individual’s epistemology (world view), and consequently better their welfare and enrich our own lives.

Highlights

This has not been the case for people who have had to do with non-human mammals who have long recognized their mental similarities to humans
Species are classified as a result of cladistics (Table 1 and Schuh et al, 2009 [1]) and Linnean systematics (Table 1., Grove and Newell 1942 and Young 1950 [2,3])
The result of this research spanning some 25 years, are the following mammalian mental homologies discussed in turn

Summary

Introduction

Species are classified as a result of cladistics (Table 1 and Schuh et al, 2009 [1]) and Linnean systematics (Table 1., Grove and Newell 1942 and Young 1950 [2,3]). (Table 1) is used to indicate a characteristic shared by evolutionary descendants. It is the similarities that define a body/mind being as a “vertebrate”, a “reptile” or a “mammal”. (Hegel 1807, Grove and Newell 1942, Young 1950 and Hennig [2,3,4,5]). It is possible that these body-mind homologies are present in other vertebrates, this discussion is confined to mammals. A Living Individual Consisting of a Combined Body and Mind.

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