Abstract
AbstractThe time-mean zonal and meridional overturning circulations of the entire Mediterranean Sea are studied in both the Eulerian and residual frameworks. The overturning is characterized by cells in the vertical and either zonal or meridional planes with clockwise circulations in the upper water column and counterclockwise circulations in the deep and abyssal regions. The zonal overturning is composed of an upper clockwise cell in the top 600 m of the water column related to the classical Wüst cell and two additional deep clockwise cells, one corresponding to the outflow of the dense Aegean water during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and the other associated with dense water formation in the Rhodes Gyre. The variability of the zonal overturning before, during, and after the EMT is discussed. The meridional basinwide overturning is composed of clockwise, multicentered cells connected with the four northern deep ocean formation areas, located in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean basins. The connection between the Wüst cell and the meridional overturning is visualized through the horizontal velocities vertically integrated across two layers above 600 m. The component of the horizontal velocity associated with the overturning is isolated by computing the divergent components of the vertically integrated velocities forced by the inflow/outflow at the Strait of Gibraltar.
Highlights
The overturning circulation of the global ocean plays a key role in setting the stratification of different basins because it regulates the ocean carbon budgets and provides the mechanism for the supply of oxygen and other tracers from the surface to the deep ocean
South of 36.58N, several clockwise overturning centers exist, with maxima between 250- and 1000-m depth, some of them extending to almost 3000 m. These cells are associated with the Aegean Sea deep water formation area, its outflow during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and the Levantine Deep Water formation processes in the Rhodes Gyre
One of the deep clockwise cells in the EMED is centered at the longitude of the Aegean deep water outflow, that is, 228E, and it is connected to the EMT event
Summary
The overturning circulation of the global ocean plays a key role in setting the stratification of different basins because it regulates the ocean carbon budgets and provides the mechanism for the supply of oxygen and other tracers from the surface to the deep ocean. The first multiscale descriptions of the meridional overturning circulation that included the Aegean deep water source were given by Robinson et al (2001), Tsimplis et al (2006), and Pinardi and Masetti (2000) These early studies outline a Mediterranean Sea overturning composed of three main spatial scales: basin scale, subbasin-scale gyres, mesoscale eddies, and standing waves. The zonal and meridional overturning circulations in the Mediterranean Sea have received attention in the context of simulations of paleoceanographic scenarios, where atmospheric forcing and sill depths were varied in simplified and coarse-resolution general circulation models (Myers 2002; Alhammoud et al 2010) These studies showed the importance of the Gibraltar sill depth and the value of the net water balance (today with evaporation largely overcoming precipitation) in determining the overturning circulation.
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