Abstract
Background: Sleep plays a key role in our overall function, and sleep insufficiency has been highlighted as a major health issue. ‘Bedtime procrastination’—i.e., needlessly delaying the time one goes to bed without external reasons—is one reason for sleep insufficiency. The present research aims to explore the interrelationships among Bedtime Procrastination, other domains of Procrastination, and routine-related variables. Methods: The mediating effects of Wake-up Time and Dinner Time on the relationship between Bedtime Procrastination and General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination, and Perceived Importance of Sleep were tested. Self-reported questionnaires were used, and the sample comprised of 446 university students. Results: A partial mediation model was found. General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination, and Perceived Importance of Sleep showed direct effects on Bedtime Procrastination. Moreover, Academic and General Procrastination were positively associated with Bedtime Procrastination, whereas Perceived Importance of Sleep was negatively associated with Bedtime Procrastination. Indirect effects of the Perceived Importance of Sleep and General Procrastination, as mediated by Wake-up Time and Dinner Time, on Bedtime Procrastination were also found. Conclusions: Personal routines (Wake-up Time and Dinner Time) along with individual characteristics (General and Academic Procrastination) and beliefs (perceived importance of sleep) may affect Bedtime Procrastination. Present results highlight the complexity of Bedtime Procrastination.
Highlights
Sleep plays a fundamental role in the restoration of the organism, as well as in the maintenance of homeostasis and the overall functioning of the individual [1]
Considering the complexity of the phenomenon of Bedtime Procrastination and from a psychological point of view, the present paper aims to contribute to the Bedtime Procrastination literature by examining the roles that some individual and routine-related factors may contribute to this behavior
Regarding the criteria established by Gravetter and Walnau [45], asymmetry and kurtosis indicate a normal, univariate, distribution of the data, except for the variable, Perceived Importance of Sleep
Summary
Sleep plays a fundamental role in the restoration of the organism, as well as in the maintenance of homeostasis and the overall functioning of the individual [1]. Literature shows that sleep loss or short sleep duration can have a detrimental impact on the mental health (e.g., contribute to depression and anxiety symptoms, suicidal ideation) [2,3,4,5] and physical health (e.g., increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases) of individuals [6,7,8,9]. Causes for sleep insufficiency are manifold, one possibility is that individuals are procrastinating their bedtime, and not having a full night of sleep [12]. Bedtime Procrastination is the delay of sleep time before going to bed, in the absence of external reasons that justify these behaviors [12].
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