Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of exposure to abusive and supportive childhood experiences on intimate partner perpetration and victimization using adult attachment as a mediator. A sample of 1010 heterosexual adults completed measures of the Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory (EASE-PI), Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), Adult Attachment Questionnaire, and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Structural equation modeling revealed that abusive childhood experiences affected perpetration and victimization directly and indirectly through anxiety over abandonment and avoidance of intimacy, supportive childhood experiences affected perpetration through anxiety over abandonment, and affected victimization through both anxiety over abandonment and avoidance of intimacy. The implications suggested a decrease in abusive childhood experiences and an increase in supportive childhood experiences are necessary to reduce IPV perpetration and victimization. s and industries. The study also investigates the effects of years of job tenure on gender wage gaps. The results demonstrate that, in both provinces, regardless of industry, the size of the organization proves significant in explaining gender wage gaps, while years of tenure are insignificant. this study showed that students who have learned through the E-book method achieve design efficiently better in their post-test scores than those in the traditional method. Students at the internal motivation level perform design efficiently better in their post-test scores than those at external motivation level. The E-book method proved to help students with external motivation in their post-test score motivation.
Highlights
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious and prevalent problem in Thailand and the rest of the world both in terms of the perpetration and victimization
We investigated the items with corrected item-total correlation (CITC), and the construct validity of these scales with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and tested scale reliability with Cronbach’s alpha
It was found that the prevalence of female victimization in terms of physical assault and sexual coercion seemed equal to what reported in Atchawanitchakun, kanchanajitra, Im-em, and Lertsrisantad (2003)’s study, but the injury ratio in the present study was lower than their findings
Summary
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious and prevalent problem in Thailand and the rest of the world both in terms of the perpetration and victimization. Thailand passed its first-ever domestic violence law in 2007 to punish perpetrators and protect victims who have been abused by their partners. According to UN Women (2011) out of 41 countries surveyed, Thailand was ranked second for countries that view physical violence by men against women justifiable. Of 75 countries surveyed between 2000-2010, Thailand ranked 36th for physical violence and 7th for sexual violence. Most research has focused on male-to-female violence in which prevalence and forms of IPV have often been explored. Thai researchers have rarely studied perpetration and victimization in the same samples or examined IPV using longitudinal studies as opposed to cross-sectional methods and none have investigated the possible contribution to IPV by abusive and supportive childhood experiences with structural equation model analysis
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