Abstract
The processes of hard coal extraction and processing are accompanied by the generation of a considerable amount of post-mining extractive waste, which in most cases is deposited on the ground surface. In the past, such waste was disposed of by deposition in bings and spoil piles of various kinds. The application of modern technologies makes it possible to recycle, reuse or reclaim extractive waste in engineering works or as a substitute of natural aggregates used for the construction of different kinds of banks and embankments. Regardless of whether the waste is deposited or reused, the basic target method of waste management consists of depositing it on the ground surface. This form of extractive waste management is always associated with the risk of the occurrence of coal self-heating phenomena, which may consequently lead to an endogenous fire. Therefore, it is of critical importance to apply appropriate technologies for the construction of coal waste embankments on the one hand, and on the other hand to recognize the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of fires in extractive waste dumps, which constitutes the subject matter of this paper.
Highlights
In recent years, the restoration and reclamation of land where extractive waste has been deposited is becoming more and more common
Many papers present methods used for the thermal monitoring of extractive waste dumping sites [16] and facilities [17,18], the results of monitoring research [19,20,21] and practical experience concerning the handling of fire phenomena [11,12,15,22,23]
In the second half of the 20th century, there occurred a significant development of technologies dedicated to minimizing hazards associated with the fires of extractive waste dumps along with the development of thermal activity monitoring systems to control the quality of conducted works and the rapid detection of thermal anomalies in order to prevent the development of the seats of fire
Summary
The restoration and reclamation of land where extractive waste has been deposited is becoming more and more common. Many papers present methods used for the thermal monitoring of extractive waste dumping sites [16] and facilities [17,18], the results of monitoring research [19,20,21] and practical experience concerning the handling of fire phenomena [11,12,15,22,23] Another significant area of research is determining the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of fires in coal spoil piles [24,25,26], including the initiation process of the phenomenon, its development and the course of the whole process [27,28], as well as the factors contributing to the self-ignition of waste [14,19,29]. This paper presents a review of the global literature concerning the methods of assessing the risk of the occurrence of fire phenomena in areas where extractive waste is deposited, along with a review of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of fires
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