Abstract
Titanium dental implants show very good properties, unfortunately there are still issues regarding material wear due to corrosion, implant loosening, as well as biological factors—allergic reactions and inflammation leading to rejection of the implanted material. In order to avoid performing reimplantation operations, changes in the chemical composition and/or modifications of the surface layer of the materials are used. This research is aimed at explaining the possible mechanisms of titanium dissolution and the role of oxide coating, and its damage, in the enhancement of the corrosion process. The studies of new and used implants were made by scanning electron microscopy and computer tomography. The long-term chemical dissolution of rutile was studied in Ringer’s solution and artificial saliva at various pH levels and room temperature. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) conjugated plasma ion spectrometry was used to determine the number of dissolved titanium ions in the solutions. The obtained results demonstrated the extremely low dissolution rate of rutile, slightly increasing along with pH. The diffusion calculations showed that the diffusion of titanium through the oxide layer at human body temperature is negligible. The obtained results indicate that the surface damage followed by titanium dissolution is initiated at the defects caused by either the manufacturing process or implantation surgery. At a low thickness of titanium oxide coating, there is a stepwise appearance and development of cracks that forms corrosion tunnels within the oxide coating.
Highlights
Titanium alloys possess good strength properties and high resistance to the most aggressive environments such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid [1,2,3]
The layer discontinuities, material defects appearing in the layer, unevenness, numerous rolling scratches, and material allowances resulting from the surface treatment processes are visible before implantation
The second type was the bottom of the threads, in which there is a detachment of the material of the layer from the ground, and numerous deep cracks are visible likely arisen as a result of stress concentration, which are potential places of corrosion initiation and development of corrosion processes in the environment of body fluids and
Summary
Titanium alloys possess good strength properties and high resistance to the most aggressive environments such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid [1,2,3]. The compact, stable oxide layer [4]. Is responsible for corrosion resistance and biotolerance, effectively stopping the anodic pickling of the substrate [5,6,7]. Another important function is to chemically stabilize the implant in the living organism [4,8,9,10]. The more compact and bonded the passive layer is to the substrate, the better the corrosion resistance. In the case of thick oxide layers, an improvement in tribological properties may be observed [7]. The oxide layer promotes osseointegration and bone adhesion [14,15,16]
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