Abstract
Androgens have diverse functions in muscle physiology, lean body mass, the regulation of adipose tissue, bone density, neurocognitive regulation, and spermatogenesis, the male reproductive and sexual function. Male hypogonadism, characterized by reduced testosterone, is commonly seen in ageing males, and has a complex relationship as a risk factor and a comorbidity in age-related noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and malignancy. Oxidative stress, as a significant contributor to the ageing process, is a common feature between ageing and NCDs, and the related comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress may also be a mediator of hypogonadism in males. Consequently, the management of oxidative stress may represent a novel therapeutic approach in this context. Therefore, this narrative review aims to discuss the mechanisms of age-related oxidative stress in male hypogonadism associated with NCDs and discusses current and potential approaches for the clinical management of these patients, which may include conventional hormone replacement therapy, nutrition and lifestyle changes, adherence to the optimal body mass index, and dietary antioxidant supplementation and/or phytomedicines.
Highlights
Steroid sex hormones are classified as androgens, estrogens, and progestogens
Hypogonadism may arise as a consequence of the ageing process, which can be described as the gradual deterioration in biological function over time, reducing quality of life and increasing the risk of degenerative noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) [4]
It may have an important role in age-related hypogonadism associated with the increased risk of NCDs [6,7,8]. In this context, the management of oxidative stress may represent a novel approach for the treatment of patients. This narrative review aims to discuss the mechanisms of age-related oxidative stress in male hypogonadism associated with NCDs and to discuss current and potential novel management approaches that may include conventional hormone replacement therapy, nutrition and lifestyle changes, weight management, and dietary antioxidant supplementation and/or phytomedicines
Summary
Steroid sex hormones are classified as androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. all three classes are important in male and female physiology, androgens are associated with “musculisation” effects and are considered primarily male sex hormones [1]. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1834 factor and/or a comorbidity with NCDs, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and numerous malignancies [2,4] All these conditions have in common an imbalance in the redox homeostasis in favor of higher levels of oxidants, leading to the development of oxidative stress [5]. In this context, the management of oxidative stress may represent a novel approach for the treatment of patients This narrative review aims to discuss the mechanisms of age-related oxidative stress in male hypogonadism associated with NCDs and to discuss current and potential novel management approaches that may include conventional hormone replacement therapy, nutrition and lifestyle changes, weight management, and dietary antioxidant supplementation and/or phytomedicines
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