The Mechanism Underlying the Extreme Sensitivity of Duck to Aflatoxin B1

Kuntan Wu,Desheng Qi,Yajing Shan,Huanbin Wang,Shuai Wang,Shahid Ali Rajput,Minjie Liu,Daoud Ali

doi:10.1155/2021/9996503

Kuntan Wu, Desheng Qi + Show 6 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9996503

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Abstract

Most metabolites of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), especially exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to vary degrees, causing oxidative stress and liver damage, and ultimately induce liver cancer in humans and animals. Duck is one of the most sensitive animals to AFB1, and severe economic losses are caused by duck AFB1 poisoning every year, but the exact mechanism of this high sensitivity is still unclear. This review highlights significant advances in our understanding of the AFB1 metabolic activation, like cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and AFB1 metabolic detoxification, like glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in poultry. In addition, AFB1 may have other metabolic pathways in poultry, such as the mutual conversion of AFB1 and aflatoxicol (AFL) and the process of AFBO to produce AFB1-8,9-dihydrodiol (AFB1-dhd) and further metabolize it into detoxification substances. This review also summarized some exogenous regulatory substances that can alleviate AFB1-induced oxidative stress.

Highlights

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, and aflatoxin G2
Young ducks and turkeys are extremely susceptible to AFB1 [5]. 3 μg/(kg·BW) of AFB1 can cause significant damage to the DNA of duckling liver cells (Wang et al, 2009). 10-40 μg/(kg·BW) of AFB1 can cause significant changes in the expression of many genes related to the oxidation-reduction process, metabolic toxins and detoxification process, and carcinogenesis in duck [6]
After AFB1 is absorbed in the intestine, it is converted into various metabolites by many cytochrome oxidase P450 family members (CYP 450 s, cytochrome P450s (CYPs)) in the liver

Summary

Introduction

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, and aflatoxin G2. 3 μg/(kg·BW) of AFB1 can cause significant damage to the DNA of duckling liver cells (Wang et al, 2009). 10-40 μg/(kg·BW) of AFB1 can cause significant changes in the expression of many genes related to the oxidation-reduction process, metabolic toxins and detoxification process, and carcinogenesis in duck [6]. Asia is the most important region for duck meat production (the ratio is 82.2%), followed by Europe with 12.4% [7]. The consumption of duck eggs accounts for 10–30% of the total consumption of eggs in China and Southeast Asia. As the pollution of AFB1 in feed is difficult to avoid, ducks have biological defects susceptible to AFB1, causing countless economic losses due to duck AFB1 poisoning each year. This article is aimed at providing a theoretical basis for the research of exogenous substances to prevent and regulate duck aflatoxin poisoning

Metabolic Process of AFB1

Metabolic Activation and Detoxification of AFB1 in Poultry

Exogenous Substances Alleviate the Toxicity of AFB1

Summary

Findings

Conflicts of Interest